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相关概念视频

Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
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Decision Making01:20

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
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Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
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Critical Thinking II01:25

Critical Thinking II

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Critical thinking is a cognitive process with several attributes. The attributes of critical thinking include the following:
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Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

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A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
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Published on: August 25, 2023

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评价能力:决定能力的额外标准.

Lauren Harcarik1, Scott Y H Kim2, Joseph Millum3

  • 1School of Social Work, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.

Bioethics
|December 17, 2024
PubMed
概括

这项研究提出了一种扩展的决策能力 (DMC) 模型,该模型包括与认知能力一起评估能力. 这种方法更好地尊重患者的自主权,因为它侧重于评估作为一种技能,而不仅仅是价值观的内容.

科学领域:

  • 生物伦理学生物伦理学
  • 思想的哲学 思想的哲学
  • 医疗法 法律 医疗法

背景情况:

  • 美国占主导地位的决策能力 (DMC) 模型依赖于四种认知能力:理解,欣赏,推理和沟通选择.
  • 批评者认为,这种模式不足,忽视了情绪和价值观在自主决策中的作用.
  • 目前关于将价值观纳入DMC的建议缺乏共识,并努力保护具有非传统价值观的患者.

研究的目的:

  • 提出一个精细的决策能力模型,它整合了价值的能力.
  • 为了解决以认知为中心的四种能力模型的局限性.
  • 为了提供一个框架来尊重患者的自主权,即使与不寻常的价值观.

主要方法:

  • 对自主决策所必需条件的概念分析.
  • 开发一个新的概念的"价值能力"作为DMC的一个组成部分.
  • 检查这种能力的组成部分,损伤指标和影响.

主要成果:

  • 价值的能力被提出为DMC传统的四个能力的关键补充.
  • 价值观的能力包括四个组成部分:拥有价值观,获得价值观,用价值观进行实际推理,并根据推理价值观采取行动.
  • 这种扩展模型提供了更强大的容量计算,重点是估值过程.
关键词:
自主性 自主性 自主性能力评估能力评估能力评估能力竞争力 竞争力 竞争力决策能力 决策能力

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结论:

  • 一个全面的决策能力模型应该包括价值的能力.
  • 专注于价值的能力,而不是价值的内容,更好地支持患者的自主权.
  • 这一框架为评估和理解临床和伦理背景下的决策能力提供了新的视角.