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Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations01:23

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

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Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial differential between quantities that can be hard to measure experimentally to a partial differential between quantities that can be easily measured. These relations are a set of equations derivable from the symmetry of the second derivatives and the thermodynamic potentials.
All thermodynamic potentials are exact differentials. Therefore, their second-order...
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Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

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Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
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Path Between Thermodynamics States01:21

Path Between Thermodynamics States

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Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:
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Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient01:24

Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient

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Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its activity coefficient. The activity coefficient is a dimensionless quantity and depends on the total ionic strength of the solution.
The activity coefficient is a measure of the deviation from ideal behavior. When the ionic strength of the solution is minimal, the activity coefficient of an ionic species is close to unity, making...
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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation02:35

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

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The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor pressure of its liquid. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the quantitative relation between a substance’s vapor pressure (P) and its temperature (T); it predicts the rate at which vapor pressure increases per unit increase in temperature.
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Thermodynamic Systems01:06

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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The...
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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热力学朗格温方程 热力学朗格温方程

Amilcare Porporato1, Salvatore Calabrese2, Lamberto Rondoni3

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and High Meadows Environmental Institute, <a href="https://ror.org/00hx57361">Princeton University</a>, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.

Physical review. E
|December 18, 2024
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

本研究探讨了一般化的吉布斯集合,为宏观变量推导非线性热力学朗格温方程 (TLEs). 它揭示了在小型系统中的宏观与微观描述的不同TLEs.

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科学领域:

  • 统计力学 统计力学
  • 非平衡的热力学 热力学
  • 小系统热力学 小系统热力学

背景情况:

  • 现有的随机热力学经常将热力学量与微观变量联系起来.
  • 这项研究直接研究了一般化吉布斯集合的宏观变量中的随机变量.
  • 专注于小系统中的热力学波动.

研究的目的:

  • 仔细检查在一般化吉布斯集合中随机过程的物理意义.
  • 为宏观变量推导精确的非线性热力学朗格温方程 (TLEs).
  • 对理想气体和体粒子等特定系统分析这些TLE的行为.

主要方法:

  • 基于潜在的生成,识别基布斯组合的潜在结构.
  • 为宏观变量推导非线性热力学朗格温方程 (TLEs).
  • 在恒定力下分析理想单原子气体和体粒子的规范组合.

主要成果:

  • 准确的非线性TLEs获得了宏观变量,通过力表达漂移.
  • 对理想气体的分析显示,热传递没有平衡,并限制了的产生.
  • 对于体粒子,宏观的TLEs与微观的TLEs不同,挑战了标准的随机热力学假设.

结论:

  • 衍生出的TLEs为小型系统中的热力学波动提供了新的视角.
  • 该方法提供了一个与哈密尔顿力学一致的框架,与一些随机热力学模型不同.
  • 强调在非平衡条件下考虑宏观变量对于准确的热力学描述的重要性.