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相关概念视频

Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

33.7K
Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

4.1K
DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
4.1K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

32.1K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
32.1K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

7.0K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
7.0K
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes
08:12

Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes

Published on: November 1, 2011

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可变性和超变异性对抗免疫球体蛋白代码的最佳性.

Joshua J C McGrath1, Juyeon Park2, Chloe A Troxell1

  • 1Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Molecular cell
|December 21, 2024
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

抗体的多样性对于免疫反应的有效性至关重要,由减少子最佳性的遗传机制塑造. 这种权衡优先考虑多样性,而不是最佳的基因表达,以实现有效的抗体功能.

关键词:
在IGHV的基础上,抗体是一种抗体.代码子的最佳性是最好的.进化 演化 演化 演化 演化 演化 演化 演化免疫遗传学 免疫遗传学可变性的可变性.身体上的突变变异.

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Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
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Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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相关实验视频

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes
08:12

Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes

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Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

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科学领域:

  • 免疫学 免疫学 免疫学
  • 分子生物学分子生物学
  • 遗传学 是一个遗传学.

背景情况:

  • 抗体的有效性取决于由V(D) J重组和体质突变产生的帕拉托普多样性.
  • 遗传多样化机制与抗体表达中的子最佳性之间的相互作用仍然不太清楚.

研究的目的:

  • 通过对生殖线免疫球蛋白基因和自然谱的分析,研究子最佳性如何影响抗体表达.
  • 在各种生物环境中探索遗传多样化,代码子最佳性和抗体有效性之间的关系.

主要方法:

  • 对生殖线免疫球蛋白变量 (IGV) 基因和自然V(D) J谱的分析.
  • 在人类和动物组织的重链 (IGH) VDJ谱中评估子最佳性,包括特定的免疫反应.
  • 生殖线IGHV最佳性与血清可变片段 (VH) 使用的相关性以及对单克隆抗体 (mAb) 产量的同义降低优化效应的评估.

主要成果:

  • 生殖系IGV基因表现出各种最佳性,与可变性相反.
  • 身体突变使IGH VDJ在不同的人类和动物免疫站点和特定克隆 (例如,SARS-CoV-2,HIV-1) 中的表达不优化.
  • 针对对补充性决定区域的突变限制了降低优化;生殖线IGHV的最佳性与流感疫苗接种后的VH使用相关,降低优化降低了mAb产量.

结论:

  • 抗体多样化机制与密码体最佳性之间存在敌对关系.
  • 对抗体多样性的进化要求取代了对最大密码体最佳性的需求.
  • 了解这种权衡提供了对抗体工程和免疫反应调节的见解.