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相关概念视频

Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

3.2K
John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
3.2K
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

6.0K
The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
6.0K
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

3.5K
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
3.5K
Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

21.3K
Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
21.3K
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

45.7K
In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
45.7K
Phylogeny01:23

Phylogeny

43.6K
Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire kingdom.
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
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Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: January 7, 2014

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动物和人类PD-1之间的功能差异与进化分歧有关.

Takeya Masubuchi1, Lin Chen2, Nimi Marcel3

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

Science immunology
|January 3, 2025
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

人类编程细胞死亡蛋白1 (PD-1) 比小鼠PD-1更强,因为它具有更强的连接键和酸酶招募. 这突显了PD-1功能和抗PD-1治疗反应的特定物种差异.

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Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice
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Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

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Assessing the Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Peyer's Patches Using Adoptive Transfer of Hematopoietic Progenitors
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Assessing the Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Peyer's Patches Using Adoptive Transfer of Hematopoietic Progenitors

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相关实验视频

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
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Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice
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Assessing the Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Peyer's Patches Using Adoptive Transfer of Hematopoietic Progenitors
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Assessing the Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Peyer's Patches Using Adoptive Transfer of Hematopoietic Progenitors

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科学领域:

  • 免疫学 免疫学 免疫学
  • 分子生物学分子生物学
  • 进化生物学 进化生物学

背景情况:

  • 了解编程细胞死亡蛋白1 (PD-1) 抑制对于癌症免疫治疗至关重要.
  • 现有的知识主要依赖于小鼠模型,尽管人类和小鼠PD-1之间存在显著的氨基酸分歧 (59.6%的同一性).

研究的目的:

  • 研究人类和小鼠PD-1之间的功能差异.
  • 阐明这些特定物种变异背后的分子机制.
  • 在临床前癌症模型中评估人类PD-1功能的影响.

主要方法:

  • 对人类和小鼠PD-1与PD-L1和PD-L2.2相互作用的比较分析.
  • 对 Shp2 酸酶招募到 PD-1 的评估.
  • 在采用收养转移T细胞的小鼠黑色素瘤模型中对人性化PD-1的功能评估.
  • 保存PD-1基因的识别和进化分析.

主要成果:

  • 与小鼠PD-1相比,人类PD-1表现出更强的抑制功能.
  • 人类PD-1表现出对PD-L1/PD-L2的增强结合以及更有效的Shp2招募.
  • 在小鼠中对PD-1细胞内域的人性化损害了CD8+T细胞抗瘤活性,并放大了抗PD-1反应.
  • 在动物中缺少的一种保存动机被确定为对差异性Shp2招募至关重要,这表明动物特异性PD-1的功能衰减.

结论:

  • 人类和动物之间的PD-1通路功能存在显著的特定物种差异.
  • 这些差异影响了抗PD-1疗法的疗效和小鼠模型的可翻译性.
  • 这些发现对免疫检查点的演变和开发更有效的免疫疗法具有关键意义.