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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Updated: May 30, 2025

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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案例333:马森瘤的发生

Venkatram Krishnan1, Abhilasha Rana1, James Nix1

  • 1From the Departments of Radiology (V.K., A.R., P.D.) and Pathology (J.N.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205.

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概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

一名61岁的男性出现了单边亡和双眼视. 通过CT和MRI对轨道的成像证实了诊断,指导了随后的管理.

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科学领域:

  • 眼科医生 眼科 眼科
  • 放射学 放射学是一门学科.
  • 眼科病理学 眼科病理学

背景情况:

  • 一名61岁的男性有糖尿病和高血压病史,呈现出单边亡和双眼视.
  • 症状包括左眼疼痛,红色,慢慢逐步在六个月的proptosis,眼睛的运动受到限制.
  • 没有注意到视力丧失或性泄漏,全身健康标志物处于正常范围内.

研究的目的:

  • 在没有先前眼科病史的患者中调查单边位和双眼视的原因.
  • 利用先进的成像技术来准确诊断和表征轨道异常.

主要方法:

  • 临床检查包括视敏度,眼动力评估和眼镜镜检查.
  • 实验室调查包括完整的血细胞计数,肝脏和功能测试,红细胞沉积率,C反应蛋白和甲状腺功能测试.
  • 计算机断层扫描 (CT) 和磁共振成像 (MRI) 带有和没有对比度增强的轨道.

主要成果:

  • 临床发现显示左眼亡,结膜水腫,发红,中部和向下视线受限.
  • 眼镜检查显示了不显著的视网膜和视网膜血管性.
  • 系统性实验室检测和甲状腺功能正常,排除了常见的系统性原因.

结论:

  • 先进的轨道成像 (CT和MRI) 对于诊断单边亡和双眼盲的病因至关重要.
  • 诊断途径涉及临床评估,实验室检查和详细的轨道成像的组合.
  • 进一步的评估和管理策略将基于CT和MRI扫描的具体发现.