监狱过度拥挤:对健康和法律的影响
Eva Nudd1, Maha Aon2, Kalliopi Kambanella3
1Independent human rights consultant. Correspondence to: nuddeva@gmail.com.
概括
监狱过度拥挤是一个影响人权和公共卫生的全球性问题. 实施非监禁措施提供了一个可行的解决方案,以减少监狱人口及其负面影响.
科学领域:
- 犯罪学 犯罪学
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 国际法 国际法 国际法
背景情况:
- 监狱过度拥挤影响了120多个国家,没有普遍的定义.
- 它带来了法律和健康的后果,侵犯了人权,例如不受酷刑的自由和获得健康的权利.
研究的目的:
- 提供监狱过度拥挤对法律和健康的影响的概述.
- 分析监狱过度拥挤的原因.
- 展示不同国家用来减少过度拥挤的非监禁措施.
主要方法:
- 一个使用医学 (PubMed,Medline) 和法律数据库 (Google Scholar,Global Lex) 的综合性桌面研究.
- 分析联合国条约机构的决定和区域人权机制.
- 包括灰色文献和国际案例.
主要成果:
- 国际标准存在,但监狱过度拥挤在全球范围内仍然存在.
- 过度拥挤与侵犯人权以及过度使用监禁和审前拘留等问题有关.
- 在整个刑事司法程序中应用的非监禁措施,在一些国家成功地减少了监狱人口.
结论:
- 监狱过度拥挤危及人性化条件和康复,对社会安全,公共卫生和经济产生负面影响.
- 为了有效减少监狱过度拥挤,政治意愿至关重要.
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