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Earmarks 是否针对低收入和少数群体? 来自美国饮用水的证据

David A Keiser¹, Bhashkar Mazumder², David Molitor³

¹University of Massachusetts Amherst.

AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association

|February 3, 2025

概括

国会的饮用水拨款,与"安全饮用水法案"贷款不同,不成比例地有利于西班牙裔社区. 这两种融资方式都旨在改善美国的饮用水质量,并解决投资不平等问题.

科学领域:

环境科学环境科学
公共政策公共政策
健康公平卫生公平

背景情况:

美国饮用水质量和投资不平等是关键问题,环境灾害凸显了这一点.
根据"安全饮用水法案"提供的补贴贷款和国会拨款是水基础设施的关键联邦资金机制.

研究的目的:

为了比较安全饮用水法案 (SDWA) 贷款的目标与国会饮用水拨款的目标.
分析联邦饮用水投资分配中的人口差异.

主要方法:

基于公式的SDWA贷款分配和国会拨款数据的比较分析.
统计检查针对不同人口群体 (种族,收入) 的定向.

主要成果:

国会拨款,与SDWA贷款不同,显示西班牙裔社区的目标不成比例.
拨款还针对服务于较大人口的社区,这可能间接有利于少数群体和低收入群体.
在分析的人口统计数据中,在专项标记和SDWA贷款之间观察到目标的显著差异.

结论:

国会拨款和SDWA贷款表现出不同的目标模式,挑战了关于"猪肉桶"支出的假设.
拨款可能在向服务不足的西班牙裔社区转移资金方面发挥作用,但不一定是针对黑人或低收入社区.
需要进一步的研究,才能充分理解不同联邦水利基础设施融资机制对公平的影响.

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