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相关概念视频

Expected Value01:15

Expected Value

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The expected value is known as the "long-term" average or mean. This means that over the long term of experimenting over and over, you would expect this average. The expected average is represented by the symbol μ. It is calculated as follows:
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The placebo effect occurs when people's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. In other words, simply expecting something to happen can actually make it happen.
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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the...
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Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
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The Availability Heuristic01:08

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A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
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预期如何改变搜索性能?

Natalie A Paquette1, Joseph Schmidt2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Orlando, FL, 32816-1390, USA.

Attention, perception & psychophysics
|February 6, 2025
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

搜索性能受到预期难度的影响. 当搜索比预期的更难或更容易时,它会改变准确性和反应时间 (RT),表明期望如何塑造视觉搜索.

关键词:
预期是指期望 (expectancy) 是指期望的意思.指导指导的指导.认可 承认 认可搜索的难度 搜索的难度视觉搜索 视觉搜索 视觉搜索

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科学领域:

  • 认知心理学 认知心理学
  • 视觉感知 视觉感知 视觉感知
  • 人类表现的人类表现.

背景情况:

  • 视觉搜索性能受到目标干扰器相似性和整体任务难度的影响.
  • 关于任务难度的期望可能会调节参与搜索的认知过程.

研究的目的:

  • 调查预期的搜索难度与实际难度的匹配或不匹配如何影响搜索性能.
  • 确定关于难度的预期是否会使搜索行为偏向预期水平.

主要方法:

  • 参与者用简单的目标 (Landolt-C) 或复杂的现实世界对象执行视觉搜索任务.
  • 预期被操纵使用一个封闭的设计,和性能在准确的,比预期更容易,和比预期更难的试验进行了比较.
  • 关键指标包括准确性,反应时间 (RT),物体停留时间和视觉指导.

主要成果:

  • 增加的客观搜索难度持续降低了准确性,并增加了RT和停留时间.
  • 比预期更难的搜索,相对于准确的预期,精度下降和RT.
  • 比预期更容易的搜索增加了RT和停留时间,在实验2中对指导和分散注意力的停留时间产生了一些影响.

结论:

  • 搜索性能受到预期的显著影响,行为转向预期的难度水平.
  • 对客观难度的敏感度的个体差异与对绩效预期影响的幅度相关.