黑暗中的光:发展的早期阶段和认知的出现
Elisa Cainelli1, Giulia Stramucci2, Patrizia Bisiacchi3
1Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
Developmental cognitive neuroscience
|February 11, 2025
概括
早期的大脑发育涉及产前校准和产后塑造由护理人员. 这篇评论追踪了从怀孕到两岁的神经生物学和行为变化.
科学领域:
- 神经科学是一个神经科学.
- 发展生物学 发展生物学
- 儿科 儿科 儿科
背景情况:
- 人类大脑发育的特点是显著的可塑性,需要广泛的环境输入.
- 新生儿的行为是有限的,培养护理人员的联系和依赖.
- 关键的发展里程碑是在生命的头两年内建立起来的.
研究的目的:
- 为早期人类发展提供一个新的视角.
- 描述从产前到产后阶段的神经生物学和行为变化.
- 突出与典型的发育轨迹相关的风险.
主要方法:
- 对早期神经发育现有文献的审查.
- 信息合成是神经生物学和行为发展之间的桥梁.
- 专注于规范性发展途径.
主要成果:
- 产前期通过内源性活动设定了主要的大脑发育里程碑.
- 产后发育在很大程度上依赖于环境经验来塑造神经回路.
- 成熟能力的逐步获得发生在前两年.
结论:
- 早期发育是一个动态的过程,从子宫内到两岁.
- 了解神经生物学与行为之间的相互作用至关重要.
- 承认开发中固有的风险对于监测至关重要.
相关概念视频
01:14Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development
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The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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01:14Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development
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The preoperational stage, the second of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, spans approximately ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thinking. During this stage, children use language, images, and symbols to represent objects and concepts, enabling them to engage in imaginative and pretend play. This symbolic thinking supports children's ability to perform make-believe actions, such as imagining a broom as a horse or their hand as a phone,...
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01:25Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development from Childhood into Adulthood
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Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes the role of thinking in a child's learning process, suggesting that children are naturally curious about their environment. His approach to development is discontinuous, proposing that cognitive abilities progress through distinct stages, each with unique characteristics. Central to Piaget's theory is schemata—mental structures that allow individuals to understand and interpret the world.
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01:17Piaget's Stage 3 of Cognitive Development
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During Piaget's concrete operational stage, from ages 7 to 11, children exhibit a marked increase in logical thinking skills, specifically in relation to tangible, real-world events. This stage is characterized by the development of several essential cognitive concepts, including conservation, reversibility, and classification, all of which support the child's evolving capacity for structured thought.
Conservation and Constancy of Quantity
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01:21The Nativist Approach
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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
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01:30Information Processing Approach
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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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