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Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Uncertainty: Overview00:59

Uncertainty: Overview

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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
219
Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

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An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Updated: May 28, 2025

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations
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通过不确定性和偏见来理解学习.

Rasmus Bruckner1,2, Hauke R Heekeren3,4, Matthew R Nassar5,6

  • 1Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. rasmus.bruckner@fu-berlin.de.

Communications psychology
|February 13, 2025
PubMed
概括

作为预测推理的学习有助于理解不确定性下的适应性行为. 人类学习中的偏见为认知机制和精神疾病提供了洞察力.

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科学领域:

  • 认知科学 认知科学
  • 计算神经科学是一种神经科学.
  • 精神病学是一个精神病学.

背景情况:

  • 学习通过允许对环境进行预测,使适应性行为成为可能.
  • 将学习视为预测性推理,澄清了改善不确定性下预测的认知机制.

研究的目的:

  • 探索规范性学习模型如何根据各种不确定性调整预测.
  • 将人类的学习偏差解释为偏离规范模型的偏差,提供对认知过程和精神疾病的洞察力.

主要方法:

  • 使用规范性学习模型来说明对感知不确定性,风险和环境变化的调整.
  • 通过计算精神病学的镜头分析人类学习偏见,检查不准确的先前假设和认知近似.

主要成果:

  • 规范模型通过考虑不确定性下的统计因素来解释人类学习的关键方面.
  • 系统的人类学习偏见可能来自不准确的先前信念或对贝叶斯推理的近似.

结论:

  • 理解学习作为预测推理为认知机制提供了一个框架.
  • 学习偏差为学习的神经支柱及其在精神疾病中的功能障碍提供了有价值的见解.