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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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Newton's first law of motion states that a body at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at constant velocity, unless acted on by a net external force. It also states that there must be a cause for any change in velocity (a change in either magnitude or direction) to occur. This cause is a net external force. For example, consider what happens to an object sliding along a rough horizontal surface. The object quickly grinds to a halt, due to the net force of friction. If...
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Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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在微规范集成中修改的Jarzynski等式.

L A Williamson1

  • 1University of Queensland, ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.

Physical review. E
|February 20, 2025
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

传统的Jarzynski等式对于微规范的合奏是失败的. 导出了一个修改的等式,将微规律工作波动与产生联系起来,为近等热过程提供了改进的边界.

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科学领域:

  • 统计力学 统计力学
  • 非平衡的热力学 热力学
  • 量子信息是一种量子信息.

背景情况:

  • 贾津斯基等式是非平衡统计力学的一个基石,它将平衡状态的自由能量差异与非平衡过程中完成的工作联系起来.
  • 传统的配方通常假定系统是在规范组合中准备的,这限制了对不孤立或与热接触的系统的适用性.
  • 对于孤立的量子系统和基本物理学来说,了解微规律集中的热力学特性至关重要.

研究的目的:

  • 为了研究Jarzynski等式对在微规范集成中准备的系统的有效性.
  • 导出适用于微法规系统的修改Jarzynski等式.
  • 探索微规范系统中工作波动,产量和集体等价性之间的关系.

主要方法:

  • 对微规范集群的修改Jarzynski等式的导数.
  • 分析工作波动和的产生.
  • 应用一个一般表达式,用于微规范式的产生时刻的函数.
  • 使用驱动式两级旋转的实验演示.

主要成果:

  • 传统的Jarzynski平等不适用于微规范的合奏.
  • 导出了一个修改的等式,通过路径依赖的逆温度将微规范性工作波动与产量连接起来.
  • 修改后的等式为平均工作提供了较好的边界,相比于近同热过程的标准自由能量差异.
  • 可以计算热力学波动的集体等效分解.

结论:

  • 衍生出的微规律的Jarzynski等式将波动定理的适用性扩展到孤立系统.
  • 这项工作为分析微规范设置中的非平衡过程提供了一个新的工具.
  • 这些发现对理解量子系统中的热力学和集合等效的极限有影响.