解开液压设计对机会性病原体生长潜力的影响,使用大规模的水管装置
Sarah Busch1, Tolulope O Odimayomi1, William J Rhoads1
1Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.
概括
水的保留时间和消毒剂水平显著影响建筑管道中的细菌生长. 较高的温度和胺残留物通常会减少水系统中的微生物繁殖.
科学领域:
- 环境微生物学环境微生物学
- 水质工程 水质工程
- 建筑科学 建筑科学
背景情况:
- 建筑的管道系统为微生物生长创造了独特的环境.
- 使用点的水质受各种因素的影响,包括温度,消毒剂,流量和保留时间.
- 了解管道中的微生物动态对于公共卫生至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 为了研究水温,胺残留量,流量和保留时间 (WRT) 对水质的影响.
- 确定影响细菌生长的因素,包括总细胞计数 (TCC) 和特定的病原体,如Legionella和Mycobacterium.
- 评估冷水和热水管道中的微生物行为,包括生物膜.
主要方法:
- 利用建筑物管道装置实验来模拟现实世界的条件.
- 同时改变水温 (冷/热线),影响胺残留量 (0-1 mg/L),流速 (0.5-2.2 gpm) 和WRT (0-17天).
- 测量TCC, *Legionella* spp. 的时间. 基因副本,以及 *Mycobacterium* spp. 的存在. 大量水和生物膜中的基因拷贝.
主要成果:
- 在没有消毒剂的冷水中,WRT显著增加了TCC (高达20×).
- 胺残留在冷水中抑制了TCC的50%,即使无法检测到.
- 热水微生物的生长在更高的温度 (60°C) 和胺下从水箱转移到管道.
- *莱吉欧内拉 (Legionella) * spp. 种类 在冷水中增加了WRT,在热水生物膜中增加了低WRT/高流量.
- *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. *Mycobacterium* spp. * 在热水中的生物膜随着胺的引入和水的速度而增加.
结论:
- 在冷水管道中,WRT是细菌扩散的关键因素,特别是在没有消毒剂的情况下.
- 胺有效抑制细菌生长,但不能消除它,其有效性受到温度和WRT的影响.
- 管道条件,包括温度和流量,决定了微生物生长的位置和类型,影响了病原体的分布,如Legionella和Mycobacterium.
相关概念视频
Design Example: Designing a Residential Plumbing System
313
The design of residential plumbing systems requires carefully evaluating water demand, flow rates, and pressure dynamics to ensure both efficiency and reliability. The nature of water flow within pipes is defined by its Reynolds number, which classifies flow as either laminar (smooth) or turbulent.
313
Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway
119
Scaled hydraulic models of dam spillways provide a practical way to replicate and study the intricate flow dynamics of these structures. Often built to a 1:15 ratio, these models allow for observing critical water behavior, such as velocity distribution, flow patterns, and energy dissipation.
119
Typical Model Studies
299
Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.
299
Multiple Pipe Systems
367
Multipipe systems consist of complex configurations of interconnected pipes designed to transport fluids efficiently across intricate networks. They are essential in engineering applications requiring precise control over flow distribution, pressure, and head loss. They are categorized into series, parallel, loop, and network configurations, each distinguished by unique flow characteristics and applications.
Series Configuration
In a series configuration, fluid flows sequentially from one pipe...
Series Configuration
In a series configuration, fluid flows sequentially from one pipe...
367


