伊拉克的酒精使用:在伊拉克三所大学接受采访的学生的看法
Mustafa Al Ansari1,2,3, Angela Dawson4, Mohammed S AbdulZahra5
1Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
Drug and alcohol review
|February 23, 2025
概括
伊拉克年轻人对饮酒动机的看法不同,通常与应对困难和社会压力有关. 他们建议教育和开放的沟通作为与酒精有关的伤害的预防策略.
科学领域:
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 社会学 社会学 社会学
- 心理学 心理学 心理学
背景情况:
- 几十年来伊拉克的冲突与增加的酒精使用相吻合.
- 伊拉克大多数人口 (60%) 年龄在24岁以下,但他们对酒精的看法未经研究.
- 这项研究考察了大学生在个人,人际和社会背景下对酒精使用的看法.
研究的目的:
- 探索年轻的伊拉克大学生对酒精使用的看法和经验.
- 了解影响伊拉克青年饮酒的因素.
- 为了确定潜在的预防策略与酒精有关的伤害在一个脆弱的人群.
主要方法:
- 使用社会生态框架和酒精使用动机模型进行定性研究.
- 与伊拉克三所大学的40名大学生进行了采访 (45%为女性).
- 使用模板分析分析的数据,采用阿拉伯语 (n=37) 和英语 (n=3) 的采访.
主要成果:
- 参与者对酒精患病率的看法有显著差异.
- 饮酒的动机包括应对悲伤,损失,贫困,失业,同伴压力,寻找刺激和社会认可.
- 禁欲与对有害影响的认识和宗教承诺有关;酒精使用是秘密的. 学生们提出教育,开放沟通和就业机会作为预防措施.
结论:
- 这是关于伊拉克年轻人在冲突和不稳定的背景下对同龄人饮酒的看法的第一个研究.
- 年轻的伊拉克人是一个易受伤害的弱势群体,面临着与酒精有关的危害的风险.
- 需要多维的,文化上适当的预防策略,反映学生的生活经验.
相关概念视频
02:16Surveys
14.7K
Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
14.7K
02:32Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
13.9K
Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of...
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of...
13.9K
02:15Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions
6.1K
Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
6.1K
02:23Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction
10.2K
Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
10.2K
01:38Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions
5.7K
Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group. The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2, depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group. The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2, depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
5.7K
01:29IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Aldehydes and Ketones
5.2K
Infrared spectroscopy, also known as vibrational spectroscopy, is mainly used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups in molecules. In aldehydes and ketones, the carbonyl (C=O) bond shows an absorption around 1710 cm-1. The C=O bond vibration of an aldehyde occurs at lower frequencies than that of a ketone. In addition to the C=O absorption in an aldehyde, the aldehydic C–H bond also gives two peaks in the 2700–2800 cm-1 range. This absorption, coupled with the...
5.2K