澳大利亚白象 (Australopithecus afarensis maxilla) 的形态变异
Hester Hanegraef1, Fred Spoor2
1Centre for Human Evolution Research, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
Journal of human evolution
|March 6, 2025
概括
奥斯拉洛皮塞克斯·阿法伦斯 (Australopithecus afarensis) 呈现出显著的上变异,可能是由于性变态,与现代人类和猿人不同. 这项研究增强了对早期人类多样性的理解.
科学领域:
- 古人类学古人类学.
- 灵长类动物学 灵长类动物学
- 进化生物学 进化生物学
背景情况:
- 关于东非普略纪中期人类多样性的讨论往往涉及将化石归因于澳大拉皮特古斯 (Australopithecus afarensis) 或单独的物种.
- 为了解决这些分类学辩论,了解奥斯拉洛皮塞克斯·阿法伦西斯 (Australopithecus afarensis) 中的物种内部变异至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 为了研究尾形态变异的幅度和模式在澳大利亚尾 afarensis.
- 为了更好地理解人类的多样性,将这种变异与现存的人类类动物进行比较.
主要方法:
- 基于CT的虚拟重建来自Hadar的九个Australopithecus afarensis大.
- 在448个现存的人类部 (现代人类和非洲猿) 上对3D地标进行几何形态分析.
主要成果:
- 奥斯拉洛皮塞克斯·阿法伦斯 (Australopithecus afarensis) 呈现出高度的尺寸和形状变化,可能与性二重形有关.
- 尽管有相当大的尺寸变化,但没有检测到显著的全量测量.
- 观察到大小的潜在时间趋势,但不是形状.
- 性二态的推断模式不同于Homo sapiens,Pan和大猩猩的模式.
结论:
- 这项研究提供了一个全面的了解上的变化在澳大利亚白. afarensis.
- 结果促进了与当代人类如Kenyanthropus platyops和Australopithecus deyiremeda进行定量比较.
- 这些发现有助于评估其他普利奥-普莱斯托时代人类的变异性,包括早期的Homo物种.
相关概念视频
01:08Overview of the Skull
4.1K
The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
4.1K
01:27Cranial Bones: Lateral View
2.0K
The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
2.0K
01:14Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View
1.9K
The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
1.9K
01:22Sutures of the Skull
6.1K
The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
6.1K
01:14Muscles for Facial Expressions
1.7K
The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
1.7K
01:18Classification of Bones
4.9K
The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
4.9K