循环中和抗体和SARS-CoV-2变种在接种疫苗后感染后复制
Miguel A Garcia-Knight1,2, J Daniel Kelly3,4,5,6,7, Scott Lu4,5
1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
JCI insight
|March 10, 2025
概括
预先存在的中和抗体 (NAb) 减少了SARS-CoV-2病毒载量和在突破性感染中流失的持续时间. 然而,这些抗体没有影响Omicron变种感染,突出显示免疫逃脱.
科学领域:
- 免疫学 免疫学 免疫学
- 病毒学 病毒学
- 传染性疾病 传染性疾病
背景情况:
- 预先存在的中和抗体 (NAb) 在接种疫苗后对SARS-CoV-2脱落的影响尚未完全理解.
- 了解这种关系对于管理疫苗接种后感染 (PVI) 和评估疫苗对病毒泄露的有效性至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 在与PVI参与者的血清NAb基线标位相比,在鼻腔样本中纵向表征病毒分泌.
- 量化基线NAb标位对病毒RNA水平和传染性持续时间的影响.
主要方法:
- 从125名感染SARS-CoV-2变种的参与者的鼻腔样本中病毒分泌的纵向表征.
- 对各种SARS-CoV-2变种的基线血清NAb标位的量化.
- 对NAb标位和病毒RNA负载之间的相关性分析,以及传染性病毒分泌的持续时间.
主要成果:
- 在三角洲病毒感染中,更高的基线NAb标位针对三角洲病毒或武汉-胡-1与减少的最大病毒RNA和更短的传染性泄漏时间相关.
- 每个对Delta向NAb IC50的log10增加都与病毒载量和流失日数显著减少有关.
- 在Omicron (BA.1,BA.2,BA.4,BA.5) 感染中,基线NAb标位没有预测病毒RNA水平或流失持续时间,这表明免疫逃避.
结论:
- 基线中和抗体可以调节疫苗接种后的SARS-CoV-2感染中的病毒分泌量和持续时间,特别是针对像Delta这样的早期变种.
- 免疫逃生变体,如Omicron,对预先存在的中和抗体对病毒分泌的调节作用的敏感性降低.
- 这些发现为在SARS-CoV-2突破性感染的背景下,提供了对宿主免疫和病毒进化之间的复杂相互作用的见解.
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