在无脊髓灰质炎环境中针对野生脊髓灰质炎的疫苗接种策略:疫情风险建模研究和成本效益分析
Megan Auzenbergs1, Kaja Abbas2,3,4, Corey M Peak5
1Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK megan.auzenbergs@lshtm.ac.uk.
BMJ global health
|March 23, 2025
概括
防止野性小儿麻病毒1型 (WPV1) 传播至关重要. 每年补充免疫活动 (SIAs) 提供了最好的防治疫情的保护,特别是当常规免疫 (RI) 覆盖率为50%或更高时.
科学领域:
- 流行病学 流行病学
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 数学建模的数学建模
背景情况:
- 野生1型脊髓灰质炎病毒 (WPV1) 进口到非流行地区构成了严重的公共卫生威胁.
- 通过常规免疫 (RI) 和补充免疫活动 (SIA) 实现人口免疫对于防止WPV1传播至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 估计在世卫组织非洲地区国家进口WPV1的疫情风险和相关成本.
- 评估不同的疫苗接种策略,包括常规免疫 (RI) 和各种补充免疫活动 (SIA).
主要方法:
- 开发一个随机数学模型来模拟小儿麻症传播动态.
- 分析不同疫苗接种场景下的疫情概率,预期病例,成本和成本效益.
- 三种策略的比较:仅RI,RI + 疫情SIAs (oSIAs) 和RI + oSIAs + 预防性SIAs (pSIAs - 每年或两年一次).
主要成果:
- 每年进行的PSIA显示了预防疫情的最高概率 (80%与≥50%的RI覆盖率).
- 每两年一次的PSIA需要≥65%的RI覆盖率,并且没有PSIA需要≥75%的RI覆盖率来达到相当的爆发风险.
- 对于卫生系统来说,pSIA 策略节省了成本 (35-60% RI 覆盖率),而对于全球脊髓灰质炎根除倡议 (GPEI) 的覆盖率低于 65% RI 则具有成本效益.
结论:
- 每年的预防性SIA提供了最小化WPV1爆发风险的最有效策略.
- 平衡疫情风险和实施成本对于优先考虑PSIAs至关重要.
- 虽然RI提供短期保护,但持续的PSIA是减轻长期WPV1风险和防止国际传播所必需的.
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