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年轻人成熟状态组之间的冲刺和跳跃表现的差异:系统性审查和元分析

James Baker^1,2, Paul Read^3,4,5, Philip Graham-Smith^6,7

¹Elite Sport UAE, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. james@ltadnetwork.com.

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)

|March 25, 2025

概括

青少年运动员在冲刺和跳跃表现上表现出显著的差异,这取决于成熟程度. 早期成熟的运动员 (高峰前高度速度) 的表现优于晚期成熟的同龄人 (高峰后高度速度).

科学领域:

运动科学运动科学运动科学
儿科运动生理学运动生理学
人才识别人才识别

背景情况:

年轻运动员中生长和成熟时间的显著差异可能导致绩效差异.
早期成熟为年轻运动员提供了明显的身体优势,与他们的不那么成熟的同龄人相比.

研究的目的:

系统地审查和量化不同成熟度的年轻运动员在冲刺和跳跃中的表现差异.
对于18岁以下的运动员来说,将成熟度分为高峰前,高峰后和高峰后的高度速度 (PHV).
通过考虑个人的成熟状态来改善体育表现的评估.

主要方法:

系统性审查包括40项研究,其中包括18岁以下的男性和/或女性运动员的横截面数据.
使用体质测量 (例如,Mirwald,Khamis-Roche方法) 确定成熟度状态.
通过冲刺速度 (10-100米) 和基于功率的跳跃测试 (例如,CMJ,式跳跃,站长跳跃) 评估性能.
在2024年11月之前在主要数据库中进行搜索;元分析使用随机效应模型.

主要成果:

冲刺和跳跃的表现随着成熟状态的提升而显著增加.
在赛前和赛后的运动员之间观察到的大效果尺寸 (ES),用于冲刺 (例如,10米 ES 1.34) 和跳跃 (例如CMJ ES 1.53).
在连续的成熟度组之间发现了中度的ES (pre- to circa-PHV, circa- to post-PHV),在circa-和post-PHV之间30m冲刺时间的微不足道差异.

结论:

在最少和最成熟的男性运动员 (PHV前与后) 之间,在冲刺和跳跃中存在显著的绩效差距.
实践者应考虑成熟度状态,以准确评估青少年体育中的表现和人才识别.
由于观察到的不一致性,建议在未来的研究中对成熟度值和测试方法进行标准化.

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