酒精行业参与延迟的南非酒精修正案2016年草案:基于信息自由的案例研究要求信息自由
Gemma Mitchell1, Pfumelani Siwela2, Susan Goldstein2,3
1Institute of Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK. gemma.mitchell@stir.ac.uk.
Globalization and health
|March 26, 2025
概括
酒精行业通过参与国家经济发展和劳工委员会,影响了南非的酒精修正法案,推迟了基于证据的政策. 这凸显了需要重新评估行业在决策论坛中的影响力.
科学领域:
- 公共卫生政策 公共卫生政策
- 卫生经济学 卫生经济学
- 政治科学 政治科学是指政治学.
背景情况:
- 南非面临着高的酒精消费率,加剧了社会经济差距.
- 拟议的酒修正案法案旨在限制酒精广告,可用性和行业责任.
- 该法案已经陷入局,酒精行业采用策略来推迟基于证据的政策.
研究的目的:
- 在国家经济发展和劳工委员会 (NEDLAC) 内部调查酒精行业有关酒修正法案的活动.
- 分析行业参与及其对法案立法过程的影响.
- 了解企业政治活动在塑造公共卫生政策.
主要方法:
- 根据促进获取信息法案,向NEDLAC提交了一份获取记录的请求.
- 与该法案 (2016-2022) 相关的行业活动数据从NEDLAC记录中提取.
- 专题分析用于综合关键事件和行业战略.
主要成果:
- 14个酒精行业组织在2016-2022年期间积极参与NEDLAC关于该法案的会议.
- 在NEDLAC委员会中的行业代表性促进了访问和讨论,社区代表性较低.
- 行业资助的评估影响了该法案的进展,在COVID-19大流行期间采用了法律威胁和捐款等策略.
结论:
- 早期的"监管捕获"使酒精行业能够在NEDLAC中塑造政策评估.
- 调查结果与全球证据对企业对政策的影响一致.
- 支持呼吁重新评估NEDLAC中的行业代表性.
更多相关视频
07:31Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
Published on: January 7, 2019
7.9K
05:40The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans
Published on: April 28, 2022
2.9K
相关概念视频
02:31Protection of Alcohols
7.2K
This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
7.2K
02:15Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions
6.1K
Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
6.1K
02:23Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction
10.1K
Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat...
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat...
10.1K
01:38Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions
5.7K
Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group. The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2, depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides,...
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group. The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2, depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides,...
5.7K
01:03Drug Control Governance: Regulatory Bodies and Their Impact
132
Drug control governance involves the oversight and regulation of pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy while preventing illegal drug use and trafficking. Regulatory bodies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union's European Medicines Agency (EMA), play a central role in this process. These agencies evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs before they can be marketed. They fund clinical trials and assess the benefits and risks associated with...
132
02:32Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
13.9K
Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of...
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of...
13.9K