环境混合物的部分影响:关于方法和影响的证据和指导
Maria E Kamenetsky1, Barrett M Welch2, Paige A Bommarito3
1Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Environmental health perspectives
|March 27, 2025
概括
估计环境暴露的积极和消极影响是具有挑战性的. 没有一种单一的方法可靠地估计所有场景中的这些部分效应,强调需要根据研究条件仔细选择方法.
科学领域:
- 环境流行病学环境流行病学
- 公共卫生中的统计方法
- 毒理学 毒理学 毒理学
背景情况:
- 评估混合环境暴露对健康的影响对于公共健康至关重要.
- 在混合物中区分单个暴露的积极和消极部分影响是复杂的方法.
- 准确估计部分影响对于设计有效的公共卫生干预至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 评估现有和新型统计方法在估计环境混合物的积极和消极部分影响方面的表现.
- 在各种曝光场景下调查与不同方法相关的偏差差异权衡.
- 为在混合物研究中选择适当的部分效应估计方法提供指导.
主要方法:
- 量化g计算 (QGC) 和加权量化总和回归 (WQSr) 的比较,采用和不采用样本分割.
- 评估新方法,包括先验方法 (QGCAP,WQSAP),模型平均 (QGC-MA) 和弹性网规范化 (QGC-Enet).
- 模拟研究评估在不同暴露相关性,样本大小,负效应分布和效应不平衡的情况下的性能.
主要成果:
- 部分影响 (积极和消极) 的估计越来越偏差,并且具有更高的根平均平方误差,暴露相关性更高,样本大小更小,消极影响的传播更广泛,积极和消极影响之间的不平衡更大.
- 这些发现用现实世界的例子来说明,其中包括氧化应激生物标志物和端粒长度.
- 没有任何一种方法在所有测试的暴露场景中表现出最佳可靠性,强调了方法性能的上下文依赖性.
结论:
- 在环境混合物中估计部分影响的准确性对暴露混合物的特征和研究设计是敏感的.
- 基于先验知识的方法 (先验) 在适用时可以非常有效,但通用性有限.
- 实践人员在选择估计部分效应的方法时,应仔细考虑模拟信息的指导,以确保可靠的结果.
相关概念视频
01:19Methods to Assess Microbial Communities
Microbial communities, comprising bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microorganisms, inhabit diverse ecosystems and play crucial roles in environmental and biological processes. Their diversity is defined by three main parameters: species richness (the number of distinct species), species abundance (the relative quantity of each species), and species evenness (how uniformly individual species are distributed in various locations). These factors together shape the structure and ecological balance...
01:23Toxicity Testing in Animals
Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
01:27Effects of Chemicals: Overview
Drugs, encompassing various chemical compounds from natural sources, lab synthesis, or genetic engineering, elicit different biological responses in living organisms. Some of these responses are desirable or therapeutic, while others are undesirable. The primary goal of administering a drug is to achieve a therapeutic effect, that is, to address a specific disease or health condition. Any concurrent effects outside of this therapeutic outcome are considered undesirable. These undesirable...
01:36Types of Toxins
Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
01:25Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding
Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...
01:26Toxic Reactions: Overview
When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...