:,

Tamir Sholklapper1, Danly Omil-Lima2, Alexander Kutikov2

  • 1Department of Urology, Jefferson-Einstein Medical Center, 5501 Old York Road, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA; Department of Urology, Fox Chase-Temple Urologic Institute, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.

概括

上腺手术,包括上腺切除术,对于治疗上腺疾病至关重要. 外科医生必须了解解剖学,内分泌功能和手术技术,以便有效地管理患者并避免并发症.