对二元能量材料的TNT等价值的实验性确定
Gracie May M James1, Rachel L Bauer1, Emily M Johnson1
1Mining and Explosives Engineering Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 1400 North Bishop Ave, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA.
Scientific reports
|May 4, 2025
概括
这项研究使用板,反应速度和空气爆炸测试确定了几个有能量材料的TNT等价性. 结果显示性能各异,强调需要将测试类型与材料特性相匹配,以便准确的安全性和性能评估.
科学领域:
- 能量材料科学 能量材料科学
- 化学工程是化学工程的重要组成部分.
- 爆炸物安全性 爆炸物安全性
背景情况:
- 对于能量材料的安全性和性能评估,TNT等价性至关重要.
- 许多二进制能量体缺乏公布的TNT等价数据,这阻碍了它们的评估.
- 需要标准化测试来比较各种能量材料.
研究的目的:
- 为了实验性地确定特定能量材料的TNT等价值:Helix,Texpak,Rimfire,Tannerite和Kinepak.
- 用不同的测试方法来评估这些能源的性能.
- 为改善安全指南和性能评估提供数据.
主要方法:
- 使用了三个不同的实验测试:板,反应速度和空气爆炸.
- 每项测试旨在评估能源性能的不同方面,从近距离影响到下游影响.
- 收集和分析数据,以计算每个材料和测试组合的TNT等价比.
主要成果:
- 螺旋显示了与TNT (0.64-1.10) 相比的TNT等价值.
- 基内帕克表现出较低的冲击力,但具有更高的空气冲击冲动 (0.18-0.58).
- 坦纳石和林火具有较低的破裂力,TNT等价值在0.18-0.71之间,取决于反应速度和空气爆炸.
结论:
- 基于AN的商业能源通常产生较低的TNT等价值.
- 液体能量表现出接近TNT的值.
- 测试方法的选择显著影响TNT等效的确定,与板/反应速度近距离功率和空气爆发下游效应.
相关概念视频
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview
528
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
528
Nuclear Transmutation
17.2K
Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
17.2K
Constant Volume Calorimetry
26.7K
Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
26.7K
Flame Photometry: Lab
173
In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
173
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab
124
AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
124
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution
887
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
887


