印度语和普通话中文中非性别代词的性别影响
Kumiko Fukumura1, Shi Zhang1,2, Sakshi Bhatia3
1Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)
|May 26, 2025
概括
当潜在的引用者相似时,说话者避免代词,特别是在性别方面. 这项研究考察了印度语和普通话中文的代词使用,发现语言和模式影响了这些回避策略.
科学领域:
- 语言学的语言学.
- 心理语言学 心理语言学
- 认知科学 认知科学
背景情况:
- 当代名词可以指向多个实体时,会出现参考模两可.
- 非语言竞争理论认为,随着参考相似性,特别是性别相似性,代词回避率会增加.
- 印度语和普通话中文的非性别代词提供了一个独特的背景来测试这些原则.
研究的目的:
- 调查参考模糊性如何影响印度语和普通话中文的代名词使用.
- 测试非语言竞争账户关于性别和情境相似性的预测.
- 检查沟通方式 (口语与书面) 对代词策略的影响.
主要方法:
- 印度语和普通话中文代名词使用的比较分析.
- 实验性操纵性别相似性和参考候选人之间的情境竞争.
- 区分口语和书面沟通方式.
主要成果:
- 在印度语中,参考候选人之间的性别相似性增加减少了代词的使用.
- 在口语普通话中,基于情况的竞争减少了零代名词的使用,但性别相似性对公开代名词的使用没有影响.
- 在书面的普通话中,性别和基于情况的竞争都影响了公开的代名词使用,具有边际的性别影响;零代名词不受性别竞争的影响.
结论:
- 基于性别的竞争对代名词使用的影响取决于代名词的特征 (例如,null vs. overt) 和沟通方式.
- 情境竞争可能会影响代名词的选择,特别是在口语中使用零代名词.
- 语言特异性和模式特异性因素相互作用,形成避免参考模两可的策略.
相关概念视频
01:30Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development
87
Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
87
01:27Language and Cognition
469
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
469
02:19The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness
6.9K
The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
6.9K
01:28Lateralization
528
Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
528
01:19X-linked Traits
55.4K
In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
55.4K
01:26Emotional Expression
388
Emotional expression encompasses how individuals convey their emotions through verbal communication and non-verbal cues. These non-verbal actions include facial expressions, body language, and physical gestures, such as frowning or smiling. Among these, facial expressions play a crucial role in emotional expression and are understood universally, indicating a biological basis for how humans communicate emotions.
Universal Facial Expressions
Psychologist Paul Ekman identified seven basic...
Universal Facial Expressions
Psychologist Paul Ekman identified seven basic...
388