"质疑"真相效应:以询问形式处理信息可以减少 (但不能取消) 重复引起的真相
Simone Mattavelli1,2, Claudia Bianchi3, Matteo Motterlini3
1Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, Milan, Italy. simone.mattavelli@unimib.it.
Memory & cognition
|June 18, 2025
概括
将信息处理为问题,而不是陈述,可以减少"真理效应",重复信息似乎更真实. 这一发现为打击错误信息提供了新的策略.
科学领域:
- 认知心理学 认知心理学
- 社会心理学 社会心理学
- 信息处理 信息处理
背景情况:
- "真相效应"描述了人们认为以前遇到的信息更真实的倾向.
- 这种现象很强大,很难用传统的干预措施来缓解.
- 了解影响真相效应的因素对于解决错误信息至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 为了调查是否在询问 (问题) 形式处理信息可以抵消重复诱导的真相效应.
- 探索句子形式 (声明式与询问式) 在重复暴露后对真理的感知的影响.
- 评估基于问题处理的有效性,作为对真相效应的反策略.
主要方法:
- 三个预先注册的实验涉及参与者 (N=100,325,235) 判断重复和不重复的句子的真实性.
- 句子形式的操纵:参与者以声明式或询问式 (问题) 格式处理信息.
- 在实验中对询问句子进行多样化的暴露和判断阶段,以测试不同的处理条件.
主要成果:
- 对声明式句子观察到一个显著的真实效应,但对询问式句子显著减少或消除.
- 与声明式处理相比,在曝光和判断过程中将句子作为问题处理显著抵消了真实效应.
- 重复对真相判断的确定性的影响较小,对于询问式句子,重复对真理判断的确定性影响较小,而不是声明式句子.
结论:
- 以问题形式呈现信息可以有效地减轻真相效应,挑战其对干预的抵抗力.
- 研究结果表明,与问题相关的认知处理可能会抑制重复的自动真相增强机制.
- 这些结果对开发 debiasing 策略具有重要意义,以改善对信息的批判性评估.
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