任务准备和模式兼容性在与年龄相关的对认知灵活性影响中的作用:从任务切换中获得的证据
Ludivine A P Schils1, Iring Koch1, Pi-Chun Huang2
1Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University.
Psychology and aging
|June 30, 2025
概括
年长的成年人在任务切换时,在刺激-响应模式的兼容性方面表现出更大的困难,特别是当映射不兼容时. 准备时间有助于降低任务切换成本,但并不能消除与年龄相关的模式兼容性差异.
科学领域:
- 认知神经科学 认知神经科学
- 人类因素 人类因素
- 衰老研究研究 衰老研究
背景情况:
- 刺激-响应 (S-R) 模式的兼容性影响了任务切换性能.
- 之前的研究表明,与兼容的 (例如,听觉-语音) 映射相比,与模式不兼容的 (例如,听觉-手动) 映射的成本更高.
- 认知控制和感官处理的年龄相关变化可能会影响S-R兼容性效应.
研究的目的:
- 调查老年人是否在任务切换中经历了增加的S-R模式兼容性效应.
- 确定增加准备时间是否可以减轻与年龄相关的模式兼容性绩效差异.
- 检查年龄,S-R模式兼容性和任务切换成本之间的相互作用.
主要方法:
- 青年和老年人的比较 (每人n=44) 在任务切换范式上使用双模听觉视觉刺激.
- 操纵S-R模式兼容性 (兼容与不兼容的映射) 和提示-目标间隔 (准备时间).
- 测量与不同条件下的任务切换相关的混合成本和切换成本.
主要成果:
- 年长的成年人表现出比年轻的成年人更大的混合和切换成本.
- 在老年人中,混合和转换成本都因模式不兼容的映射而加剧.
- 延长的准备时间减少了两个年龄组的切换成本,但并没有消除模式兼容性的特定年龄差异.
结论:
- 老年人表现出对模式特定交叉声的屏蔽功能受损,导致S-R模式兼容性效应增加.
- 在老年人中,更新多式联运S-R映射的能力受到损害.
- 老龄化过程中的认知控制缺陷导致了在复杂任务中管理S-R模式兼容性的困难.
相关概念视频
01:30Cognitive Development During Adulthood
299
Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
299
01:27Language and Cognition
456
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
456
01:24Working Memory
449
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
449