谁应该有自己的声音? 儿童对普遍主义者与排他性投票的评价
Hannah Hok1, Gabriella Silva2, Alex Shaw2
1Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Journal of experimental psychology. General
|July 3, 2025
概括
儿童和成年人更喜欢通用决策系统,认为它们比排他性系统更公平. 即使结果很重要时,普遍的系统也受到青,尽管孩子们认识到效率的权衡随着年龄的增长而发生.
科学领域:
- 发展心理学 发展心理学
- 社会心理学 社会心理学
- 道德心理学道德心理学
背景情况:
- 社会决策涉及到公平性和有效性的平衡.
- 关于谁应该做出决定的基础直觉是通过发展的透镜来探索的.
- 以前的研究还没有完全检查儿童对普遍与专属决策系统的评价.
研究的目的:
- 调查儿童和成年人如何评估普遍主义和排他性决策系统.
- 了解不同投票系统对公平性和效率感知的发展变化.
- 检查排除标准 (专业知识,道德,无能,任意特征) 对公平判断的影响.
主要方法:
- 进行了三项研究,对成人和4岁至9岁的儿童进行了研究.
- 参与者对各种排他性系统 (专家主导,道德主导,基于无能,任意) 的普遍投票系统进行了评估.
- 评估的重点是感知到的公平性,决策有效性和效率.
主要成果:
- 儿童和成年人始终更喜欢通用系统而不是专家领导的专用系统,认为它们更公平.
- 这种偏好甚至在决定具有后果时也存在,孩子们越来越倾向于普遍的系统而不是以道德为导向的排他性系统.
- 参与者认识到,排他性系统可以更快,表明对效率权衡的意识,以不道德为基础的排斥被认为是最公平的.
结论:
- 对于普遍主义投票的早期偏好在童年就出现了.
- 儿童在理解决策中的公平性和效率方面表现出一种不断发展的复杂性.
- 社会决策系统涉及包容性和效率之间的复杂权衡,这些权衡随着年龄的增长而越来越被认可.
更多相关视频
14:05Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
Published on: January 23, 2017
29.3K
09:16Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers
Published on: March 14, 2018
10.4K
相关概念视频
01:31Confirmation Biases
7.2K
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
7.2K
02:13The Representativeness Heuristic
16.2K
The representative heuristic describes a biased way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something. For example, you may assume that your professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with your stereotypes of professors.
16.2K
02:01Group Design
9.7K
The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
9.7K
01:16Null and Alternative Hypotheses
10.1K
The actual hypothesis testing begins by considering two hypotheses. They are termed the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.
The null hypothesis, denoted by H0 is a statement of no difference between the variables—they are not related. This can often be considered the status quo. As a result if you cannot accept the null, it requires some action.
The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is a claim about the...
The null hypothesis, denoted by H0 is a statement of no difference between the variables—they are not related. This can often be considered the status quo. As a result if you cannot accept the null, it requires some action.
The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is a claim about the...
10.1K
01:27Parenting Styles
133
Diana Baumrind's four parenting styles — authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, and permissive — each influence children's socio-emotional development differently.
Authoritarian Parenting
This style is strict and controlling, with little room for open dialogue. Authoritarian parents demand obedience and often enforce rules with minimal warmth. Children raised this way may lack social skills and initiative, usually comparing themselves to others unfavorably.
Authoritative...
Authoritarian Parenting
This style is strict and controlling, with little room for open dialogue. Authoritarian parents demand obedience and often enforce rules with minimal warmth. Children raised this way may lack social skills and initiative, usually comparing themselves to others unfavorably.
Authoritative...
133
02:16Surveys
15.4K
Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
15.4K