在灵长类社会中,男性与女性之间的统治关系的演变
Elise Huchard1, Peter M Kappeler2,3, Nikolaos Smit1
1Anthropologie Evolutive, Institut des Sciences de L'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier 34095, France.
概括
男性对女性的支配在灵长类动物中并不普遍. 在具有女性生殖控制,激烈的女性竞争或较低的生殖成本的物种中,出现女性倾向的主导地位,与与与身体力量相关的男性倾向主导地位形成鲜明对比.
科学领域:
- 灵长类的社会行为.
- 进化人类学的进化人类学.
- 行为生态学 行为生态学
背景情况:
- 从历史上看,在哺乳动物中,男性对女性的社会支配被认为是男性的.
- 最近的研究表明,跨物种的支配关系中的性别偏见存在显著差异.
- 了解这些偏见的驱动因素对于进化见解至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 在灵长类动物中调查男性-女性优势竞争中影响性别偏见的分布和因素.
- 测试解释女性偏见与男性偏见主导地位出现的假设.
主要方法:
- 利用了来自121种灵长类动物的253个种群的定量数据.
- 分析了男女比赛的结果以及相关的生态和社会因素.
- 测试了五种解释性别偏见在主导地位的假设.
主要成果:
- 在所有灵长类动物比赛中,大约有一半的比赛发生在男性和女性之间的比赛中.
- 在不到20%的人口中,雄性赢得了90%以上的比赛.
- 偏向女性的主导地位与一夫一妻制,性单体性,树木生活,激烈的女性女性竞争,女性生殖成本较低和女性爱情相关.
- 偏向男性的主导地位与多妻制,性二态,陆地生活,群体生活和身体优越性有关.
结论:
- 灵长类的雄性-雌性优势是高度可变的,不是普遍的男性偏见.
- 女性赋权可以通过生殖控制和其他策略来实现,而不仅仅是身体力量.
- 确定了与女性对男性偏见主导相关的关键特征,为灵长类动物进化和潜在的早期人类性别角色提供了洞察力.
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