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相关概念视频

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

7.7K
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
7.7K
Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
7.7K
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Derivation of Glial Restricted Precursors from E13 mice
08:56

Derivation of Glial Restricted Precursors from E13 mice

Published on: June 20, 2012

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取决于Tbr2的并行路径调节了独特的ipRGC亚型的发展.

Takae Kiyama, Ching-Kang Chen, Halit Y Altay

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
    |July 14, 2025
    PubMed
    概括

    两个转录因子,Irx1和Tbx20,控制了内在光敏感视网膜质细胞 (ipRGC) 亚型的发展. 这些因素对ipRGC谱系分离和视网膜中的Opn4表达至关重要.

    科学领域:

    • 神经科学是一个神经科学.
    • 发展生物学 发展生物学
    • 视网膜细胞生物学 视网膜细胞生物学

    背景情况:

    • 本质上光敏感的视网膜质细胞 (ipRGCs) 对视力至关重要.
    • 在小鼠中存在六种ipRGC亚型,起源于表达Tbr2的RGCs.
    • 控制ipRGC亚型发展的机制尚未完全理解.

    研究的目的:

    • 研究Tbr2-依赖转录因子在ipRGC亚型形成中的作用.
    • 阐明控制ipRGC谱系分离和成熟的分子机制.

    主要方法:

    • 在小鼠模型中对转录因子Irx1和Tbx20的遗传消去.
    • 对Opn4发育和成年视网膜表达模式的分析.
    • 描述ipRGC亚型的发展和细胞命运的决定.

    主要成果:

    • 在ipRGC开发中,Irx1和Tbx20是Tbr2的关键下游因素.
    • 在特定的ipRGC亚型 (M3,M4,M5) 中,Irx1影响Opn4表达.
    • Tbx20对于多种ipRGC亚型 (M1,M2,M6,M3,M5) 的发展和Opn4表达至关重要.

    结论:

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    • 两个并行转录级联,包括Irx1和Tbx20,调节ipRGC亚型的规范.
    • 这些因素对于血统分离,命运分歧和ipRGC亚型的维持至关重要.
    • 这些发现揭示了对视网膜电路发育的分子控制的新见解.