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相关概念视频

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Bacterial Protein Maturation01:26

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Bacterial protein maturation is a tightly regulated process that ensures newly synthesized polypeptides achieve correct functional conformations. This maturation involves a series of modifications, folding events, and quality control steps, often assisted by specialized chaperone proteins.N-Terminal ModificationsThe maturation of bacterial polypeptides begins cotranslationally as the polypeptide exits the ribosome. The first amino acid, N-formylmethionine (fMet), is typically modified at the...
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
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mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

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植物微RNA的成熟和功能.

Yu Yu1,2, Han Wang3, Chenjiang You4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. yuyu@pku.edu.cn.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology
|July 18, 2025
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

植物微RNA (miRNA) 是基因表达的关键调节者. 本综述详细介绍了了解miRNA生物发生,功能,定位和细胞间运动的最新进展,为未来的研究提供了新的假设.

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科学领域:

  • 植物分子生物学 植物分子生物学
  • 基因调节 基因调节
  • RNA生物学的RNA生物学

背景情况:

  • 2002年发现的植物微RNAs (miRNAs) 调节了基因表达.
  • 关键方面包括编码基因,目标调节,生物发生和效应蛋白.
  • 之前的工作确立了miRNA在目标识别,动作模式,定位和移动性中的作用.

研究的目的:

  • 审查最近对植物miRNA生物学的机制性见解.
  • 讨论miRNA成熟,ARGONAUTE (AGO) 蛋白质加载和亚细胞局部化.
  • 探索植物细胞内和植物细胞之间的miRNA运动以及与翻译的联系.

主要方法:

  • 文献综述和近期研究成果的综合.
  • 对miRNA生物发生和功能的机制研究的分析.
  • 讨论miRNA贩运和活动的实验和理论模型.

主要成果:

  • 对miRNA处理,AGO加载和亚细胞分区 (细胞核与细胞质) 的新见解.
  • 了解细胞下局部化如何影响miRNA细胞间的移动性.
  • 新出现的证据将miRNA活动与翻译过程联系起来.

结论:

  • 植物miRNA路径是复杂的,涉及成熟和局部化的复杂调节.
  • 亚细胞动力学对植物的miRNA功能和系统信号产生重大影响.
  • 未来的研究应该专注于测试关于miRNA-翻译相互作用和移动机制的假设.