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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Gene Regulation During Sporulation

Gene Regulation During Sporulation

Sporulation is a complex developmental process that allows certain Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species, to survive extreme environmental conditions. This process is tightly regulated by a series of signaling cascades and transcriptional controls, ensuring the formation of a highly resistant endospore.Sporulation is triggered by unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient depletion, and is governed by a phosphorelay system. One of the sensor kinases, such as...

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved...

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

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相关实验视频

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types

Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types

Published on: April 7, 2023

两个深度保存的非编码序列控制了PLETHORA1/2的表达,并协调了胚胎和根的发育.

Merijn Kerstens¹, Yvet Boele², Abraham Morales-Cruz³

¹Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.

Plant communications

|July 31, 2025

概括

此摘要是机器生成的。

保存的非编码序列 (CNSs) 调节植物发育基因. 两个新型的中枢神经系统,BOX1和BOX2,控制Arabidopsis中的PLETHORA (PLT) 基因表达,通过自我调节影响胚胎和根部发育.

关键词:

普莱托拉 (Plethora) 是一个名为普莱托拉的女神.血管精子是什么意思保存在的非编码序列序列.胚胎发生是胚胎发生.根系根系根系根系转录规则转录规则转录规则

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Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

Published on: June 7, 2013

相关实验视频

Last Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types

Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types

Published on: April 7, 2023

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

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Published on: March 5, 2017

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

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Published on: June 7, 2013

科学领域:

植物分子生物学植物分子生物学
发育遗传学的发展遗传学.
基因组学就是基因组学.

背景情况:

保存的非编码序列 (CNSs) 对基因调节至关重要.
普莱托拉 (PLT) 基因是植物发育的主调节者,对胚胎发生和系统功能至关重要.
中枢神经系统调节PLT基因表达的机制在很大程度上是未知的.

研究的目的:

识别和描述调节PLT基因表达的中枢神经系统.
研究特定中枢神经系统在阿拉比多普西斯莉亚的发育中的作用.
阐明胚胎发育和根部发育过程中PLT基因表达背后的调节机制.

主要方法:

基于动机的采矿,在120个芽体基因组中对上游序列进行采矿.
编辑CRISPR-Cas9基因以在已识别的中枢神经系统 (BOX1和BOX2) 中产生突变.
记者基因测试用于分析转基因阿拉比多普西斯菌株中PLT基因的表达模式.

主要成果:

确定了21个保存和谱系特定的CNS,包括两种异常长且相似的元素 (BOX1和BOX2).
证明BOX1和BOX2直接控制Arabidopsis中的PLT1和PLT2表达.
表明BOX1/BOX2中的突变改变了根尖中的PLT2表达模式,并影响了胚胎发育,有证据表明BOX介导的自我调节反循环.

结论:

发现了一种涉及BOX1和BOX2中枢神经系统的新型转录机制,该机制调节植物胚胎和根介质系统发育的主调节器.
确定了这些深度保存的元素的功能重要性,从胚胎形成到早期发育.
提供了对控制植物发育基因表达的自我调节反循环的见解.