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树木环揭示了美国西南部的西方阿帕奇 (Ndee) 持续的火灾管理和利基建筑
Christopher I Roos1, J Mark Kaib2,3, Nicholas C Laluk4,5
1Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205.
概括
西方阿帕奇 (Ndee) 人口的土著火灾管理显著影响了亚利桑那州的古火记录. 他们的文化燃烧习惯造成了频繁的,小的和季节性的火灾,影响了独立于气候和闪电的火灾制度.
科学领域:
- 古生态学 古生态学
- 环境历史 环境历史
- 土著研究土著研究.
背景情况:
- 美国西南部的古火记录经常将频繁的野火归因于闪电和气候.
- 人种学数据表明,土著人口使用火,但他们对火灾制度的影响在方法上很难确定.
- 以前的研究往往忽视了低密度土著人口对火灾历史的影响.
研究的目的:
- 调查西部阿帕奇 (Ndee) 文化燃烧对亚利桑那州中部和东部古火记录的影响.
- 为了证明Ndee火灾管理显著影响了历史的消防制度.
- 区分土著火灾管理效应与闪电和气候等自然火灾驱动因素.
主要方法:
- 从西阿帕奇传统领土的34个地点 (649棵树) 获取出版和未出版的树环火灾历史记录.
- 合成了公元1600年至1870年的火灾历史数据.
- 分析了与气候数据和自然点火源相关的火灾频率,季节性,规模和同步性.
主要成果:
- 在保留地建立之前,Ndee领土内的火灾频率与周边地区相比显著更高.
- 4月下旬和5月发生的火灾不成比例,与Ndee的生存活动相吻合.
- 火灾的特征 (小规模,异步,季节性) 很大程度上独立于气候驱动因素和丰富的自然点火.
结论:
- 恩迪文化焚烧创造了频繁,小的春季火灾的风景马赛克,抑制了自然火灾的传播,并限制了干旱的影响.
- 即使是小的,移动的土著人口也可以显著地影响前欧美火灾制度.
- 本地消防管理显然影响了火灾的大小,频率和季节性,超出了自然点火模式.
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