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西北大学超级老龄化计划的前25年
Sandra Weintraub1,2, Tamar Gefen1,2, Changiz Geula1,3
1Mesulam Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
概括
认知衰老有很大的差异. 80岁以上的"超级老人"保持年轻的认知功能,并表现出不同的大脑结构和细胞生物学,挑战典型的衰老观念.
科学领域:
- 神经科学是一个神经科学.
- 老年学是一门学科.
- 认知衰老研究 认知衰老研究
背景情况:
- 认知能力下降通常被认为是衰老不可避免的一部分,老年人的平均单词回忆得分显著下降.
- "正常认知衰老"的概念涵盖了广泛的范围,不仅仅由与年龄相关的平均表现来定义.
- 西北阿尔茨海默氏症疾病研究中心 (ADRC) 创造了"超衰老"一词,用来描述80岁及以上的个体,他们的认知功能被保留.
研究的目的:
- 研究超年人的神经心理和神经生物学特征,与他们的认知平均年龄同龄人相比.
- 描述与超衰老表型相关的大脑结构和细胞生物学.
- 挑战关于衰老期间认知潜力的常见误解,并为未来的干预提供信息.
主要方法:
- 在80岁以上的个人和年轻的对照组中,对认知功能的长度研究,特别是延迟的单词回忆.
- 神经成像技术用于评估大脑结构,包括皮质体积和区域灰质厚度.
- 死后脑组织分析以检查细胞病理,神经元大小,炎症标志物和神经递质系统.
主要成果:
- 超级老年人表现出的认知表现与年轻20-30岁的个人相提并论.
- 超级老年人的大脑结构被保留,皮质体积与年轻人相似,带带状回形中独特的加厚.
- 细胞分析显示,与阿尔茨海默氏症相关的变化较少,内腔神经元较大,小质细胞减少,胆内置更好,超级老年人中更多的von Economo神经元.
结论:
- 超衰老代表了一个独特的神经心理学和神经生物学现象型,其特点是对与年龄相关的大脑变化的弹性.
- 这些发现表明,在典型的衰老轨迹之外,对认知和神经生物学衰退的抵抗是可能的.
- 对超衰老现象型的进一步研究可能为在晚年加强认知性进行干预铺平道路.
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