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相关概念视频

The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

6.4K
The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
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Cytoskeletal Linker Proteins - Plakins01:09

Cytoskeletal Linker Proteins - Plakins

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Plakins are large proteins with binding domains for microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and membrane-associated protein complexes at cell junctions. Plakin functions are evolutionarily conserved and are primarily involved in organizing the different components of the cytoskeleton by crosslinking them to each other and connecting them to the cell-matrix and cell adhesion complexes. They are also known to interact with signal transducers, serve as scaffolds for signaling...
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Mouse In Vivo Placental Targeted CRISPR Manipulation
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Mouse In Vivo Placental Targeted CRISPR Manipulation

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胎盘发育需要KRAS4B.

Marie-Albane Minati1, Leyre López Muneta1, Younes Achouri1

  • 1Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium.

Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS
|August 13, 2025
PubMed
概括

克拉斯蛋白对胚胎发育至关重要. 虽然KRAS4B对胎盘发育和存活至关重要,但KRAS4A似乎在胚胎发生过程中没有显著作用.

关键词:
发展发展发展 发展发展心灵的心脏心脏的心脏心脏心脏这就是KRAS4A.这就是KRAS4B.胎盘 胎盘 胎盘 胎盘

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Fully Processed Recombinant KRAS4b: Isolating and Characterizing the Farnesylated and Methylated Protein
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Fully Processed Recombinant KRAS4b: Isolating and Characterizing the Farnesylated and Methylated Protein

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In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells
08:21

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

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相关实验视频

Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Mouse In Vivo Placental Targeted CRISPR Manipulation
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Mouse In Vivo Placental Targeted CRISPR Manipulation

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Fully Processed Recombinant KRAS4b: Isolating and Characterizing the Farnesylated and Methylated Protein
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Fully Processed Recombinant KRAS4b: Isolating and Characterizing the Farnesylated and Methylated Protein

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In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells
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In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

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科学领域:

  • 发展生物学 发展生物学
  • 分子生物学分子生物学
  • 遗传学 是一个遗传学.

背景情况:

  • 克拉斯对于胚胎发生是必不可少的,如果没有它,就会导致胚胎死亡.
  • 在发育过程中,KRAS拼接异型KRAS4A和KRAS4B的具体作用尚未完全理解.

研究的目的:

  • 研究KRAS4A和KRAS4B在发育中的不同作用.
  • 阐明KRAS依赖的胚胎发育背后的机制.

主要方法:

  • 使用CRISPR/Cas9技术生成Kras4A淘汰 (Kras4A-/-) 和Kras4B淘汰 (Kras4B-/-) 的小鼠模型.
  • 在Kras4A-/-,Kras4B-/-,和Kras-/- (双淘汰赛) 胚胎之间进行了表型比较.

主要成果:

  • 克拉斯4A-/-胚胎正常发育,而克拉斯-/-和克拉斯4B-/-胚胎在胚胎日13.5.5左右表现出致命性.
  • 克拉斯-/-胚胎显示心脏和胎盘缺陷,而克拉斯4B-/-胚胎仅显示胎盘缺陷.
  • 胎盘缺陷包括缩小尺寸和糖原热囊细胞,导致胚胎低血糖和缺氧.

结论:

  • 在KRAS介导的发育功能中,KRAS4B发挥着主导作用.
  • KRAS4A可能具有不具特征的功能,因为Kras4A-/-小鼠是可行的.
  • 这项研究确定KRAS是发育过程中细胞分化的关键调节者.