小阅读的社会维度:在发言解释过程中社会分类的作用的发展证据
Camilo R Ronderos1, Rebecca Iversen2, Ira Noveck3
1Center for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
概括
孩子 孩子 孩子 孩子
科学领域:
- 发展心理学是发展心理学.
- 语言学的语言学.
- 认知科学是一种认知科学.
背景情况:
- 婴儿拥有先进的小读能力,但较大的孩子有时会在需要小读的语言方面扎.
- 这种差异可能源于儿童对社会类别的认识越来越强,比如对方的年龄.
- 之前的研究强调了实用主义与心智理论 (ToM) 之间的复杂关系.
研究的目的:
- 研究社会分类与语言理解中小阅读能力的发展之间的联系.
- 测试基于社会类别的推理是否遵循与较小阅读技能相似的发展路径.
- 探索社会分类与错误信念推理在儿童语言解释中的独立性.
主要方法:
- 119名挪威3至9岁的儿童接受了一项选择图片的任务.
- 参与者决定说话者的偏好 (儿童与成年人) 通过在刻板的儿童或成年人编码项目之间进行选择.
- 绩效与标准错误信念任务的分数进行了比较.
主要成果:
- 较小的孩子始终选择儿童编码的项目,不管演讲者的年龄.
- 较大的孩子选择了成年人编码的项目,当演讲者是成年人时,展示了基于年龄的社会分类.
- 在社会分类任务上的表现并没有因果预测错误信念任务得分.
结论:
- 在语言解释中,社会分类技能与小阅读能力类似地发展,但似乎独立于错误信念推理.
- 未来的发展实用研究应该考虑到社会类别在演讲者与听者的互动的差异.
- 了解社会分类对于准确评估儿童在语言理解方面的小读能力至关重要.
相关概念视频
01:27Language and Cognition
441
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
441
02:16Stereotype Content Model
14.9K
The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
14.9K
01:20Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
589
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling
According to this theory, when an individual experiences...
Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling
According to this theory, when an individual experiences...
589
02:55Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
91.5K
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
91.5K
00:56Attribution Theory
13.4K
Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
13.4K
02:09Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies
38.7K
When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
38.7K