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相关概念视频

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
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相关实验视频

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
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成人和儿童决策中的概率错误

Dean A Marshall1, Elizabeth Meins2

  • 1School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.

Cognition
|September 1, 2025
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

成年人在客观和社会判断中表现出错误的结合, 儿童表现出这些错误不那么一致,相关性仅在老年人群中出现,这表明启发性思维的发展转变.

关键词:
连接错误决策方式评判情况可能性错误代表性

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科学领域:

  • 认知心理学
  • 发展心理学
  • 行为经济学

背景情况:

  • 连接错误,其中P(A和B) >P(A),通常归因于代表性启发式.
  • 启发性思维是学习的,并且依赖于环境,需要一种发展性的方法来理解它的起源.

研究的目的:

  • 在客观概率和社会判断任务中调查结合谬误的发展轨迹.
  • 检查不同年龄组客观和社会判断中的结合谬误之间的关系.
  • 评估"大声思考"程序对减少谬误的影响.

主要方法:

  • 三项涉及成人和儿童 (4至11岁) 的研究使用基于个人描述的芯片/区块分布和社会判断来评估客观概率判断.
  • 参与者确定了单人与双人场景的赢家,并评估了社会特征.
  • 研究3采用"大声思考"的方案来鼓励合理的决策.

主要成果:

  • 成年人的结合谬论受到赢得概率的影响,并与客观和社会判断相关.
  • 孩子们的客观概率谬误并不依赖于年龄或受到概率操纵的影响.
  • 对10-11岁的孩子来说,客观和社会任务之间存在关联,但对较年轻的孩子来说却没有.
  • "大声思考"程序减少了成年人的社会判断错误,但并没有减少客观判断错误.

结论:

  • 成年人在客观和社会领域的结合谬误与情境因素有关并受到影响.
  • 在结合错误的表现和相关性方面存在发育差异.
  • 客观和社会判断错误背后的认知过程可能部分不同,并随着时间的推移而发展.