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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
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Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

Published on: October 30, 2018

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在伤口消毒剂中提取和确定化合物

Mir Ali Farajzadeh1,2, Zahra Hallaji1, Sakha Pezhhanfar1

  • 1Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran mafarajzadeh@yahoo.com mafarajzadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir +98 41 33340191 +98 41 33393084.

RSC advances
|September 10, 2025
PubMed
概括

这项研究开发了一种检测伤口消毒剂中可塑剂的方法. 该技术使用ZIF-4高效地提取和缩酸盐和酸盐可塑剂,确保更安全的医疗产品.

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Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Saponification

Esters can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions. Base-promoted hydrolysis of esters is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which esters react with an aqueous base, followed by an acid to give carboxylic acids. This reaction is also known as saponification because it forms the basis for making soaps from fats.
The reaction requires a base in stoichiometric amounts, which participates in the reaction and is not regenerated later. So, the base acts as a...
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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
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The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium to give esters and water.
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Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
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Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that proceeds via a tetrahedral intermediate, where a water molecule is eliminated as the leaving group.
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β-Dicarbonyl Compounds via Crossed Claisen Condensations

Crossed Claisen condensations are base-promoted reactions between two different ester molecules producing β-dicarbonyl compounds.  The reaction involving esters, with both containing α hydrogen, results in a mixture of four different products that are difficult to isolate. This reduces the synthetic utility of the reaction.
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