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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Formal Charges02:42

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In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists.
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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
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Coulomb's Law and The Principle of Superposition01:15

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Coulomb's Law describes the force experienced by two point charges under each other's presence. But what if there are more than two charges? For example, if there is a third charge, does it experience a force that is a simple combination of the individual forces due to the first two charges? Can it be described mathematically?
The Principle of Superposition answers the question. Yes, Coulomb's Law applies to each pair of charges, and the net force on each charge is the vector sum of...
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Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges01:30

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Atoms generally contain the same number of positively and negatively charged particles, protons, and electrons. Hence, they are electrically neutral. However, the centers of the positive and negative charges do not always coincide. In such a scenario, the electric field of an atom may not be zero.
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Continuous Charge Distributions01:17

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Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
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在sd和fp外中的通用有效电荷.

T H Ogunbeku1, J M Allmond2, T J Gray2,3

  • 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.

Physical review letters
|September 10, 2025
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

研究人员在Scandium-54 (^{54}Sc中发现了一个纳秒异构体,测量了其半衰期和E2过渡强度. 这为了解中子丰富核中的核结构和有效电荷提供了至关重要的数据.

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科学领域:

  • 核物理 核物理 核物理
  • 原子和分子物理 原子和分子物理
  • 核和化学,辐射和放射性同位素应用.

背景情况:

  • 对富含中子原子核的研究对于理解核结构和外关闭的演变至关重要.
  • 之前对FP外区域的电磁转换的测量已经为核特性提供了洞察力,但仍存在模两可.
  • 准确确定核寿命和过渡强度对于测试核模型至关重要.

研究的目的:

  • 通过测量其半衰期来表征247keV状态在中,通过的β衰变填充.
  • 为了确定从247keV状态过渡到基础状态的B(E2) 值,在{54}Sc.
  • 研究测量的特性对核外结构和FP外区域有效电荷的影响.

主要方法:

  • 利用β衰变的Ca来填充247keV的状态在Sc.
  • 使用计时技术测量了247keV异构体状态的半衰期.
  • 从测量半衰期和已知的过渡能量计算了B(E2) 值.
  • 将实验结果与半经验和初始外模型计算进行了比较.

主要成果:

  • 确定了一个纳米秒异构体在247-keV的{54}Sc中,其半衰期为26.0{2}22) ns.
  • 确定了1.93的纯E2过渡强度,表示Z>20的核中中子丰富的fp区域中最精确的B的E2值.
  • 观察到E2增强在Sc中大约是Ca的四倍.
  • 衍生出实证有效质子 (e_{π}=1.30(8) e) 和中子 (e_{ν}=0.452(7) e) 的电荷.

结论:

  • 结果表明,相对于N=32.3,N=34子的差距相对较小.
  • 在Sc核中显著的E2增强归因于Z=28外关闭处的1p-1h质子激发.
  • 导出的有效电荷表明,在sd和fp外中适用的通用集合,与以前关于N=Z附近的fp外核的报道相矛盾.