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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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部分和完整的初级空塞拉之间的内分泌学差异:比较分析.

Can Akcura1, Sedat Can Guney1, Samet Alkan1

  • 1Manisa Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Manisa, Turkey.

Neuro endocrinology letters
|September 10, 2025
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

完整的初级空 (PES) 与较高的上腺功能缺陷和下腺功能缺陷率有关. 由于潜在的轴功能障碍,建议对所有PES患者进行激素检测.

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科学领域:

  • 内分泌学 在内分泌学.
  • 神经成像是一种神经成像.
  • 细胞性疾病 细胞性疾病

背景情况:

  • 主要空部 (PES) 涉及到脑脊液 (CSF) 进入部的.
  • 根据CSF填充和垂体腺体大小,PES被分为部分或完全.
  • 有限的研究存在,比较部分和完整的PES之间的荷尔蒙异常.

研究的目的:

  • 调查部分和完整的初级空 sella.之间的内分泌学差异.
  • 为了评估被诊断患有PES的患者的荷尔蒙状况.

主要方法:

  • 58名PES患者的荷尔蒙评估,包括ACTH,皮质醇,TSH,FT4,FSH,LH,雌激素,,PRL,GH和IGF-1的测试.
  • 患者被分为部分和完整的PES组进行比较分析.

主要成果:

  • 完整的PES显示,二次上腺功能缺陷和下腺功能缺陷的发生率显著更高.
  • 患有完整PES的患者中,多个受影响的荷尔蒙轴的比例更高.
  • 二次性甲状腺功能低下症在患有PES的男性中更为普遍.

结论:

  • 临床医生应考虑在完整的PES患者中考虑二次上腺功能不全和阴性腺缺陷症.
  • 建议对所有PES患者进行全方位激素检测,因为轴功能障碍的患病率很高.
  • 需要进一步的前性多中心试验来证实这些发现.