1846年:查尔斯·F·海伍德 (Charles F. Heywood) 写给威廉·TG·莫顿 (William TG Morton) 的信
1Burwood North, Australia.
Anaesthesia and intensive care
|September 13, 2025
概括
查尔斯·F·海伍德 查尔斯·F·海伍德
科学领域:
- 医学史 医学史 医学史
- 麻醉学 麻醉学
- 手术创新 在外科创新.
背景情况:
- 以太麻醉的首次公开演示发生在1846年10月16日在马萨诸塞州总医院.
- 这一事件标志着手术史上的一个关键时刻,通过吸入硫以太引入了预防疼痛的方法.
- 这次行动的周年纪念日现在在全球范围内被公认为以太日.
研究的目的:
- 为了呈现正确的原始邀请信的副本从查尔斯·F·海伍德到威廉TG·莫顿.
- 为了突出历史文本和原始信件之间的差异,揭示编辑的变化.
- 提供历史准确的记录,记录导致第一次公开以太麻醉演示的事件.
主要方法:
- 检查原来的邀请函,据信保存在WTG Morton文件中.
- 原始信与现有的19世纪抄本进行比较.
- 创建一个正确的原始信的副本,以出版.
主要成果:
- 查尔斯·F·海伍德 (Charles F. Heywood) 向威廉·T.G.莫顿 (William TG Morton) 写的原始信件被发现并进行了检查.
- 分析显示,此前公布的信件抄本在出版之前已被编辑.
- 海伍德信的历史准确的抄本现在可以获得,以及原始文件的图像.
结论:
- 原来的邀请函更准确地描述了第一次公共以太麻醉之前的事件.
- 历史记录的编辑修改掩盖了这一重要的医疗事件的精确细节.
- 这项研究提供了一个更正的历史记录,增强了我们对以太日起源的理解.
相关概念视频
02:28Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers
Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
Based on their attached substituent groups, ethers can be classified into two...
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
Based on their attached substituent groups, ethers can be classified into two...
02:17Physical Properties of Ethers
Overview
An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
Ethers can act as hydrogen bond acceptors, making them more water-soluble than hydrocarbons, but since ethers cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, they are much less soluble in water than alcohols. Ethers are considered...
An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
Ethers can act as hydrogen bond acceptors, making them more water-soluble than hydrocarbons, but since ethers cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, they are much less soluble in water than alcohols. Ethers are considered...
02:29Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis
Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
02:35Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration
Overview
Ethers can also be prepared from alkenes through acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols and alkoxymercuration–demercuration.
Preparation of Ethers by Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Alcohol to Alkenes
The acid-catalyzed addition of alcohol to an alkene involves treating the alkene with an excess of alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ether under suitable conditions. The hydrogen will add to the less substituted carbon so that the nucleophile can attack the more substituted...
Ethers can also be prepared from alkenes through acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols and alkoxymercuration–demercuration.
Preparation of Ethers by Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Alcohol to Alkenes
The acid-catalyzed addition of alcohol to an alkene involves treating the alkene with an excess of alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ether under suitable conditions. The hydrogen will add to the less substituted carbon so that the nucleophile can attack the more substituted...
02:23Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides
Ethers represent a class of chemical compounds that become more dangerous with prolonged storage because they tend to form explosive peroxides when standing in the air. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly oxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
02:36Crown Ethers
Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules take.