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相关概念视频

Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

1.7K
Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
1.7K
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

1.3K
Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
1.3K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

7.1K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
7.1K
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

3.4K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
3.4K
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

58.3K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
58.3K
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

48.2K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

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在早期检索过程中,主要听觉皮层活动支持以后的灭绝学习.

Nicole B Cook1, Sadie May Wasberg2, Tempestuous G Henneghan2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Development, and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA.

Neurobiology of learning and memory
|September 15, 2025
PubMed
概括

在早期恐惧记忆检索过程中破坏听觉皮层活动会损害情绪灵活性和灭绝学习. 这突显了主要听觉皮层在更新适应性行为的威胁关联方面的作用.

关键词:
听觉皮层中的听觉皮层.化学遗传抑制 化学遗传抑制灭绝的灭绝 灭绝的灭绝恐惧是对恐惧进行调节的.远程存储器 远程存储器

更多相关视频

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
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Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

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Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat
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Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

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相关实验视频

Last Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

36.2K
Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

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Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat
09:43

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Published on: December 11, 2017

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科学领域:

  • 神经科学是一个神经科学.
  • 行为神经科学 行为神经科学
  • 认知神经科学 认知神经科学

背景情况:

  • 情绪灵活性,更新威胁关联的能力,对于适应性行为至关重要.
  • 情绪灵活性背后的特定皮质机制在很大程度上是未知的.
  • 主要听觉皮层 (A1) 被调查其在恐惧记忆和灭绝中的潜在作用.

研究的目的:

  • 确定在早期或长期恐惧记忆检索期间的A1活动是否对于远程记忆巩固和灭绝学习是必要的.
  • 测试这样的假设:在A1中加权记忆痕迹,由于威胁和安全表示之间的竞争,促进了灭绝的获取.

主要方法:

  • 在雄性和雌性C57BL/6J小鼠中,A1主要神经元的化学遗传抑制.
  • 听觉恐惧调节使用白噪声条件刺激 (CS) 和脚震无条件刺激 (US).
  • 在早期 (第1天) 或长期 (第15天) 恐惧记忆检索之前,通过克洛扎-N-氧化物 (CNO) 给药抑制,在第30天进行测试.

主要成果:

  • 早期的A1抑制延迟了灭绝获取和损害了灭绝记忆.
  • 长期的A1抑制并没有显著影响随后的灭绝.
  • 在任何检索时间点都没有观察到由于早期或晚期抑制而导致的记忆障碍.
  • 性差异出现了,男性表现出高结率,女性表现出更大的行为变异性.

结论:

  • 在早期恐惧记忆检索期间破坏A1中的皮质活动会损害情绪灵活性和灭绝学习.
  • 这些发现强调了A1在更新威胁关联和促进适应性行为反应方面发挥的关键作用.
  • 在皮质区域内整合威胁和安全关联对于适当的情绪调节至关重要.