两位开创性的女性生物学家在耶路撒冷希伯来大学的不同职业模式
1The Biological Thought Program, The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel. nuritki@openu.ac.il.
Journal of the history of biology
|September 17, 2025
概括
这项研究比较了两位女性科学家,一位植物学家和一位遗传学家的不同职业道路,揭示了他们在学术界面临的各种挑战. 它强调了如何交叉性,而不仅仅是性别,塑造了他们对职业障碍的经验.
科学领域:
- 科学的历史科学的历史.
- 科学社会学科学社会学
- 在STEM中的性别研究.
背景情况:
- 检查了娜奥米·费恩布伦 (植物学家) 和埃利舍瓦·戈德施密特 (遗传学家) 的学术生涯.
- 这两位女性都是先驱者,在20世纪30年代在耶路撒冷希伯来大学开始博士学位,并成为早期的女性教授.
- 比较他们在同一个机构和时间段内的经验.
研究的目的:
- 对两位女性科学家所面临的不同职业模式和障碍进行比较分析.
- 阐明职业生涯早期和职业生涯后期对女性在学术界面临的挑战之间的差异.
- 探索交叉性 (性别,社会,文化背景,个人特征) 如何影响职业发展轨迹.
主要方法:
- 两个个人的职业生涯轨迹的比较历史分析.
- 质量检查职业发展和发现的障碍.
- 交叉性的应用,以了解超越传统的"玻璃天花板"或"粘性地板"隐喻的细微挑战.
主要成果:
- 娜奥米·费恩布伦在职业生涯早期遇到了障碍,但在更高的学术水平上面临的挑战较少.
- 埃利舍瓦·戈德施密特最初遇到的障碍较少,但在她职业生涯的后期却遇到了障碍.
- 个人的经历有很大的差异,尽管在类似的学科,机构和时间段.
结论:
- 女性科学家的职业障碍是复杂的,受性别以外的交叉因素的影响.
- "玻璃天花板"和"粘土地板"的传统社会学模型不足以解释各种经验.
- 对女性科学家职业生涯的比较研究为历史和全球挑战提供了宝贵的见解.
相关概念视频
Nature and Nurture
Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience, such as differences...
Life Histories
Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented by two primary reproductive strategies; K-strategists produce few offspring but provide substantial parental support, whereas r-strategists produce much progeny that receives little care. These strategies are related to an organism’s survival likelihood across its lifespan, which is represented by a survivorship curve. Three general types of...
Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies
Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species reproduce only once in their lifetime, often investing most available resources into that single reproductive event. Iteroparous species, by contrast, reproduce multiple times over their lifetimes, typically allocating fewer resources to any single...
Biodiversity and Human Values
Human civilization relies on biodiversity in many ways. Sudden changes in species biodiversity result in environmental changes that can modify weather patterns and therefore human civilizations.
Understanding Species and Reproductive Barriers
A species is a group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Typically, individuals of the same species appear similar and share common characteristics due to their highly similar genomes. However, not all organisms that look alike are members of the same species. Various mechanisms keep most species discrete. While some mechanisms prevent reproductive behavior and fertilization (pre-zygotic isolation), others prevent the production of fertile offspring after mating has...
Formation of Species
Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.Allopatric SpeciationIn allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like...


