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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
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用间接推断和辅助信息进行隐藏人口估计.

Justin Weltz1, Eric Laber1,2, Alexander Volfovsky1,3

  • 1Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Proceedings of machine learning research
|September 22, 2025
PubMed
概括

受访者驱动采样 (RDS) 在准确的隐藏人口规模估计方面扎. 本研究引入了一种使用辅助数据和间接推断的新方法,以减少偏差并提高RDS调查的精度.

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Distributions to Estimate Population Parameter01:26

Distributions to Estimate Population Parameter

The accurate values of population parameters such as population proportion, population mean, and population standard deviation (or variance) are usually unknown. These are fixed values that can only be estimated from the data collected from the samples. The estimates of each of these parameters are sample proportion, the sample mean, and sample standard deviation (or variance). To obtain the values of these sample statistics, data are required that have particular distribution and central...
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In practice, we rarely know the population standard deviation. In the past, when the sample size was large, this did not present a problem to statisticians. They used the sample standard deviation s as an estimate for σ and proceeded as before to calculate a confidence interval with close enough results. However, statisticians ran into problems when the sample size was small. A small sample size caused inaccuracies in the confidence interval.
William S. Gosset (1876–1937) of the...
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What are Estimates?

It isn't easy to measure a parameter such as the mean height or the mean weight of a population. So, we draw samples from the population and calculate the mean height or mean weight of the individuals in the sample. This sample data acts as a representative measure of the population parameter. These sample statistics are known as estimates. 
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Testing a Claim about Population Proportion01:24

Testing a Claim about Population Proportion

A complete procedure for testing a claim about a population proportion is provided here.
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To construct a confidence interval for a single unknown population mean μ, where the population standard deviation is known, we need sample mean as an estimate for μ and we need the margin of error. Here, the margin of error (EBM) is called the error bound for a population mean (abbreviated EBM). The sample mean is the point estimate of the unknown population mean μ.
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Sample Proportion and Population Proportion

Collecting samples or responses from an entire population takes significant time and effort, so a researcher collects responses from only a sample of that population. Suppose a study needs to collect information about a specific mobile application. After sample collection, the researcher analyzes the data and discovers that most individuals in the sample use that specific mobile application. The sample proportion measures the number of individuals in a sample who either use or don't use the...
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