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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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精子细胞分子钟:时间漂移和最近的加速.

Soichi Osozawa1

  • 1Institute of Geology and Paleontology Faculty of Science, Tohoku University Sendai Japan.

Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)
|September 22, 2025
PubMed
概括

开花植物的进化显示了两个主要的辐射事件:白纪中期的扩张和阿萨鲁姆和维奥拉等物种的四季度适应辐射. 环境变化很可能推动了这些进化突发.

科学领域:

  • 进化生物学 进化生物学
  • 古植物学是古植物学.
  • 人类遗传学 是一个学科.

背景情况:

  • 苗 (开花植物) 的进化通常可以追溯到白纪中期.
  • 最近的适应性辐射,如阿萨鲁姆和维奥拉的辐射,发生在四年纪.
  • 了解植物进化需要准确的分子计时仪.

研究的目的:

  • 为精子植物 (种子植物) 构建一个强大的,精确校准的时间树.
  • 为了研究血管精子进化辐射的时间和驱动因素.
  • 为了使分子时钟的估计与地质和环境事件相协调.

主要方法:

  • 使用安吉奥精子生殖组 (APG) 系统进行遗传学分析.
  • 用贝叶斯进化分析采样树 (BEAST) v1.10.4进行分子约会,具有替代约会功能.
  • 对地质时间的基底替代率的分析.

主要成果:

  • 一个精确校准的Spermatophyta时间树被构建,节点日期与最近的大树不同.
  • 在最近的地质时代中,发现了基替代率的指数级增长,之前是白纪中期的增长.
  • 这些速率的增加与物种 (四世) 和秩序 (白纪中期) 层面的血管精子辐射相关.
关键词:
野兽v1.10.4 的时间C4类植物植物.基本替代率的基本替代率是什么校准校准的时间冰川时期是冰川时期.辐射辐射辐射辐射的辐射

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结论:

  • 植物进化,包括芽种辐射,受到环境因素的影响.
  • 季度辐射可能与C4草的增殖,大气二氧化碳的减少和冰川周期有关.
  • 纪中期的辐射可能涉及与草食甲虫的共同进化.