基因年龄决定了Drosophila精液蛋白质的功能性和进化性质
Jose M Ranz1, Carolina Flacchi2, Imtiyaz E Hariyani1
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.
概括
大多数精液蛋白 (Sfps) 是古老的,而不是年轻的. 这些较老的Sfp基因具有更广泛的功能和更慢的进化,与快速进化的年轻基因不同.
科学领域:
- 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
- 基因组学就是基因组学.
- 生殖生物学 生殖生物学
背景情况:
- 精液蛋白 (Sfps) 对于生殖至关重要.
- 由于快速序列进化和基因周转,Sfp基因通常被认为是进化年轻的.
- 这种看法缺乏全面的进化年龄分析.
研究的目的:
- 为了调查Drosophila melanogaster Sfp基因的进化年龄和特征.
- 为了确定Sfp基因主要是年轻的还是古老的.
- 为了比较古代与年轻的Sfp基因的功能和进化属性.
主要方法:
- 用外组物种的基因资源对357个Sfp基因进行了家族遗传学分析.
- 检查基因年龄,表达特征,生物作用和基因相互作用.
- 与基因年龄相关的序列进化速率的分析.
主要成果:
- 与普遍认为的相反,62%的Sfp基因是古老的,比Drosophila基因更早.
- 古代Sfp基因表现出更广泛的表达,更多样化的功能和更多的相互作用.
- 年轻的Sfp基因的进化速度明显更快,由适应性和非适应性力量驱动.
- 发现了具有受限功能的年轻Sfp基因的快速发展的子网络.
结论:
- 很大一部分Sfp基因在进化上是古老的,具有独特的特征.
- 古老的Sfp基因更为类,限制了它们的序列演变.
- 年轻的Sfp基因表现出快速进化和一个独特的,快速发展的子网络.
- 基于进化起源的系统分析对于理解基因组进化至关重要.
相关概念视频
02:27Background and Environment Affect Phenotype
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
02:45The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
02:32Exon Recombination
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
02:32Position-effect Variegation
In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.