在电子健康记录上使用生成式预训练变压器进行零射击医疗事件预测
Ekaterina Redekop1,2,3, Zichen Wang1,2,3, Rushikesh Kulkarni1,2
1Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States.
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA
|October 8, 2025
概括
使用电子健康记录 (EHR) 中的基础模型的新零射击预测方法可以预测未来的医疗事件. 这种方法为临床预测任务提供了一个可扩展的替代任务特定微调.
科学领域:
- 人工智能的人工智能
- 生物医学信息学 生物医学信息学
- 机器学习 机器学习
背景情况:
- 电子健康记录 (EHR) 包含对预测未来健康事件至关重要的纵向患者数据.
- 生成性预训练型变压器 (GPT) 在利用EHR数据进行临床预测方面表现有前途.
- 为许多临床预测任务微调GPT模型在计算上昂贵且耗时.
研究的目的:
- 引入和分析一种新的管道,用于使用基于GPT的基础模型在EHR中对医疗概念进行零射击预测.
- 评估零射击预测在不同时间和临床类别的表现,而无需特定任务的监督.
- 展示基础模型在捕获潜在时间依赖和患者轨迹方面的能力.
主要方法:
- 制定医疗概念预测作为一种使用新型管道的生成建模任务.
- 采用基于GPT的基础模型进行零射击预测,仅依赖于预训知识.
- 在多个临床类别和时间范围内使用精度和回忆指标评估模型性能.
主要成果:
- 在预测下一个医学概念时,达到0.614的平均top-1精度和0.524的回忆精度.
- 在12个主要诊断条件下表现出强大的零射击性能,具有高的真实阳性率和低的假阳性率.
- 展示了模型捕捉多种表型和潜在临床结构的能力.
结论:
- 基本的EHR GPT模型是强大的工具,可对临床结果进行强大,零射击的预测.
- 零射击预测能力增强了模型在各种疾病中的多功能性,从特定疾病到更模糊的疾病.
- 这种方法减少了对广泛的特定任务培训的需求,为更可扩展的医疗保健应用铺平了道路.
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