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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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调查反在奖励和惩罚处理中的作用在操作条件化任务中,使用与事件相关的潜能

Carolina Ceruti1, Dennis Boye Larsen1, Giulia Erica Aliotta1

  • 1Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.

Neuroscience
|October 14, 2025
PubMed
概括

个体的高反与疼痛调节期间大脑反应的改变有关. 这表明在处理绩效结果方面存在困难,可能会影响慢性疼痛的发展.

关键词:
电脑电图 (电脑电图) 是一种脑电图.与事件相关的潜力与事件相关的潜力操作者调节的条件.在P3N3中,P3N3是P3N3,P3N3是P3N3.疼痛 疼痛 疼痛 疼痛catastrophizing 疼痛是一种灾难性的疼痛.化 化 化 化

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Operant conditioning, a key concept in behavioral psychology, involves using reinforcement and punishment to alter the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. B.F. introduced this type of conditioning. Skinner focused on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them, influencing whether these behaviors will be strengthened or diminished.
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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
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