当代大型语言模型在简短的临床图片上的诊断和选性能
Lei Xu1, Wenzhe Zhao2, Xin Huang2
1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. radiumxu@xjtufh.edu.cn.
Journal of medical systems
|October 18, 2025
概括
大型语言模型 (LLM) 在临床细节中显示出高的诊断准确性,接近医生基准. 结构化提示显著提高了LLM诊断和分选准确度,提高了医疗保健决策支持中的AI可靠性.
科学领域:
- 人工智能在医学中的应用
- 临床决策支持系统 临床决策支持系统
- 自然语言处理自然语言处理.
背景情况:
- 大型语言模型 (LLM) 越来越多地被用于临床决策支持,但与人类临床医生相比,它们的诊断和分拣可靠性尚未得到充分证实.
- 在现实的临床场景中评估LLM绩效对于安全有效地融入医疗保健至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 评估八个当代LLM在临床细节上的诊断和分拣准确性.
- 为了比较LLMs的性能与没有结构化提示.
- 评估提示对安全,过量选和不足选的影响.
主要方法:
- 八个LLM被评估在48个单回合临床小组中,跨越四个分拣级别.
- 模型使用未提示和结构化 (基于示例) 提示进行了测试.
- 关键结果包括诊断准确性,分拣准确性,建议的安全性和过分分拣率.
主要成果:
- 结构化提示使平均诊断准确度从89.84%提高到91.67%,平均分拣准确度从76.82%提高到86.20%.
- 最好的诊断准确率达到93.75%,LLM显示出高性能,特别是在诊断方面.
- 促使建议的安全性提高 (89.06%至94.53%),但也导致过度选率提高 (53.15%至65.62%).
结论:
- 先进的LLM在基于文本的临床细节上表现出高的诊断准确性,接近医生水平的性能.
- 选准确性仍然是LLMs的一个重大挑战,尽管结构化提示提供了实际的改进.
- 需要对不确定性意识提示和多轮,多模式病例进行进一步的研究,以加强临床可靠性.
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