澳大利亚的侵入性肺炎球菌病:2013年和2014年
Kate Pennington1, Sanjay Jayasinghe2, Lizzie Gorrell3
1Enhanced IPD Surveillance Working Group, Australian Government Department of Health, Disability and Ageing, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Communicable diseases intelligence (2018)
|October 21, 2025
概括
侵入性肺炎球菌病 (IPD) 的发病率在澳大利亚保持稳定,澳大利亚土著居民的发病率不成比例地高. 引入13肺炎球菌合疫苗 (13vPCV) 导致幼儿的IPD减少.
科学领域:
- 流行病学 流行病学
- 传染性疾病 传染性疾病
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
背景情况:
- 侵入性肺炎球菌病 (IPD) 在全球范围内构成了重大公共卫生挑战.
- 肺炎球菌疫苗接种计划旨在减少IPD的负担.
- 监测数据对于监测疾病趋势和疫苗有效性至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 分析2013年至2014年期间澳大利亚IPD的流行病学.
- 评估13肺炎球菌合疫苗 (13vPCV) 对儿童IPD发病率的影响.
- 检查IPD血清型的趋势,特别是那些被23肺炎球菌多糖体疫苗 (23vPPV) 覆盖的成年人.
主要方法:
- 利用了2013年和2014年国家报告疾病监测系统 (NNDSS) 的数据.
- 计算了IPD的年龄标准化和非年龄标准化发病率.
- 分析了根据土著身份,年龄组和疫苗可预防的血清型的IPD病例率.
主要成果:
- 澳大利亚在2013年报告了1552例IPD病例,在2014年报告了1564例.
- 澳大利亚土著居民的IPD率是非土著澳大利亚人的6倍.
- 在13vPCV引入后,5岁以下儿童的IPD发病率在2013年从每10万人中从19.8下降到12.5,在2014年略有增加至14.1.
- 由23vPPV血清型引起的IPD的发病率在土著成年人 (50+) 和非土著成年人 (65+) 中下降.
- 2013年IPD的病例死亡率为8.6%,2014年为7.5%.
结论:
- 在2013-2014年期间,澳大利亚的IPD发病率保持相对稳定.
- 13vPCV疫苗在减少幼儿IPD方面表现出有效性.
- 印第安人和非印第安人之间存在IPD发病率的持续差异.
- 在老年人中23vPPV血清型的下降趋势需要持续监测.
相关概念视频
01:30Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment
777
Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
777
01:30Pneumonia I: Introduction
723
Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
723
01:30Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention
3.4K
Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed....
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed....
3.4K
01:28Pneumonia IV: Management
751
The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:
751
01:29Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology
2.6K
The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
2.6K
01:22Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures
3.6K
Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
3.6K