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相关概念视频

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

997
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
997
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

508
The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
508
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

435
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
435
Self-Regulation01:25

Self-Regulation

211
Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
211
The Influence of Cognition on Affect01:29

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

182
Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
182
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

4.2K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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学习期望影响认知控制分配分配.

Javier Alejandro Masís Obando1, Sebastian Musslick2,3, Jonathan D Cohen1,4

  • 1Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 27, 2025
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

人们将更多的认知控制和努力分配给他们认为可以学习的任务,重视未来的学习而不是即时的奖励. 这项研究探讨了学习能力如何影响认知控制中的决策.

关键词:
认知控制是认知控制.决策是做出决策的过程.漂移扩散模型的漂移扩散模型控制的预期值控制的预期值.学习学习学习学习学习学习

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相关实验视频

Last Updated: Jan 14, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice
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科学领域:

  • 认知心理学 认知心理学
  • 决策科学 决策科学 决策科学
  • 神经科学是一个神经科学.

背景情况:

  • 认知控制分配通常被建模为预期的效用最大化,平衡利益与成本.
  • 最近的理论表明,将学习的价值纳入控制分配决策是规范性的,即使这导致了更长的审议.
  • 这挑战了即时奖励最大化的直观观念.

研究的目的:

  • 实证测试个人是否将更大的认知控制分配给被认为是可学习的任务.
  • 调查感知到的可学习性是否会影响愿意付出努力的意愿,例如更长的审议时间.
  • 检查是否符合包括学习价值在内的正式控制分配模型.

主要方法:

  • 参与者执行了一个简单的感知点运动任务跨区块.
  • 测量了人们对深思熟虑 (花费精力) 的意愿.
  • 在初始块中评估了参与者的熟练程度和学习率,以预测随后的控制分配.

主要成果:

  • 任务学习能力显著预测了参与者愿意分配更大的认知控制.
  • 较高的熟练度和学习率在早期的任务参与与后期阶段增加的审议相关.
  • 行为与预测基于未来学习价值的努力分配的模型保持一致.

结论:

  • 当个人决定分配多少认知控制时,他们确实考虑了任务的可学习性.
  • 这些发现支持理论框架,即在基于努力的决策时,代理人会权衡学习的未来折扣价值.
  • 这为认知控制的规范模型提供了证据,这些模型将学习整合到奖励计算中.