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相关概念视频

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
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Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II01:12

Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II

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The motion of a rocket is governed by the conservation of momentum principle. A rocket's momentum changes by the same amount (with the opposite sign) as the ejected gases. As time goes by, the rocket's mass (which includes the mass of the remaining fuel) continuously decreases, and its velocity increases. Therefore, the principle of conservation of momentum is used to explain the dynamics of a rocket's motion. The ideal rocket equation gives the change in velocity that a rocket...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

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The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the...
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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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加热速度梯度在不平衡条件下驱动固体推进剂中中介结构动力学.

Zhi Jiang1, Tianhao Wang1, Weichen Sheng1

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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概括

快速加热速度,而不是散热温度,在极端条件下控制材料变化. 这项研究揭示了局部加热如何决定复合材料的空隙形成和碎片化,影响着点火和燃烧.

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科学领域:

  • 材料科学 材料科学 材料科学
  • 化学工程是化学工程的重要组成部分.
  • 物理 物理学 物理

背景情况:

  • 不同质的复合材料在极端热条件下经历了快速的结构演变,影响了航空航天和结构应用.
  • 目前的实验方法无法在现实的不平衡热面下观察动态结构变化.
  • 现有的理论模型经常假设平衡条件,限制了它们的预测准确性.

研究的目的:

  • 开发和演示一种新的实验系统,用于在受控的,快速的,不平衡的加热下观察复合材料中中大尺度结构演变.
  • 调查局部加热速率对空隙形成,碎片化和点火途径的影响.
  • 为在极端热负荷下材料行为理论模型提供实验验证.

主要方法:

  • 开发一个梯度快速加热系统,精确控制亚毫米区域的加热速度梯度 (>20°C/s).
  • 整合了顺序的同步龙X射线断层扫描和X射线扫描,以直接可视化内部结构演变.
  • 分析微秒到毫秒的时间尺度转换,从热解通过点火到燃烧.

主要成果:

  • 局部加热率,而不是散热温度,被确定为空隙形成和碎片化动态的主要驱动因素.
  • 较高的局部加热速率导致了粘合物阶段的快速空隙核和网状多孔网络形成,比界面空隙演化速度快得多.
  • 不同质的组件相互作用分裂了金属网络,创造了点火热点,控制着燃烧的启动和传播.

结论:

  • 在极端不平衡加热下,复合材料中中等尺度结构演变严重依赖于局部加热速率和运动过程.
  • 开发的实验方法可以直接观察复杂的转变路径,从而进一步了解极端条件下的材料行为.
  • 结果为验证和改进用于预测复合材料性能在苛刻应用中的理论模型提供了关键数据.