心血管风险评估:内科专家的实用建议
Fernando A Rivera1, Ridwan Ahmad1, Jorge Trejo-Gutierrez2
1Mayo Clinic Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
European journal of internal medicine
|November 24, 2025
概括
心血管疾病 (CVD) 仍然是全球健康负担. 先进的风险计算器,包括AHA PREVENT,通过结合新的健康因素和社会决定因素来改善风险预测,帮助初级预防工作.
科学领域:
- 心脏病学 心脏病学
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 预防医学 预防医学
背景情况:
- 心血管疾病 (CVD) 是全球死亡的主要原因,也是医疗保健的重大负担.
- 尽管预防和风险评估工具的进步,心血管疾病的患病率继续上升.
- 一般内科在动脉样硬化心血管疾病 (ASCVD) 的初级预防和管理中发挥着至关重要的作用.
研究的目的:
- 要突出心血管风险评估工具的不断变化的格局.
- 强调将新的健康因素和社会决定因素纳入风险预测的重要性.
- 强调内科在客观心血管风险评估中的关键作用.
主要方法:
- 审查现有的心血管风险评估计算器,包括历史工具和最近的进展,如AHA PREVENT.
- 纳入新型因素的分析,如心血管-脏-代谢健康指标 (例如,eGFR,HbA1c,肥胖,心力衰竭) 和社会贫困指数 (SDI).
- 讨论将临床判断,患者特异性因素和先进生物标志物 (例如,脂蛋白a,阿波利波蛋白B,冠状动脉) 整合到个性化风险评估中.
主要成果:
- 传统的风险计算器已经得到了改进,新的工具如AHA PREVENT提供了更全面的风险估计.
- 包括心血管-脏-代谢因素和SDI提高了ASCVD风险预测的精度和现实性.
- 个性化的心血管风险评估,将计算器输出与临床专业知识和个体患者数据相结合,对于有效的干预至关重要.
结论:
- 心血管风险评估变得越来越复杂,超越了传统的风险因素.
- 内部医学医生处于一个独特的位置,可以利用这些先进的工具和以患者为中心的方法来有效预防心血管疾病.
- 协调,多学科的行动是必要的,以打击日益增长的心血管疾病的负担.
相关概念视频
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data
740
A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
740
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection
776
Inspection is the initial step in assessing the cardiovascular system. It involves a detailed visual examination that provides crucial information about a patient's circulatory and cardiac health. This systematic process, conducted from head to toe, helps identify signs of cardiovascular conditions by observing physical appearance, skin and mucous membranes, jugular and carotid pulsations, chest symmetry, and the condition of the extremities.
Head and Neck
Head and Neck
776
Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures
577
Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
577
Coronary Artery Disease V: Interprofessional Care
206
Interprofessional care for coronary artery disease includes pharmacological therapy and revascularization procedures.Pharmacological therapy for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) aims to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve patient outcomes through various classes of medications:Antiplatelet Agents:Aspirin and Clopidogrel: These medications inhibit platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots, which is crucial for avoiding heart attacks and strokes. Doctors often prescribe these...
206
Atherosclerosis III: Management
301
Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
301
Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure
794
Accurate blood pressure assessment is crucial for diagnosing and managing various health conditions. To ensure the reliability of these measurements, healthcare professionals must adhere to standardized pre-procedural guidelines. These guidelines enhance patient safety and improve the overall quality of healthcare. The following steps are essential for obtaining accurate and consistent blood pressure readings, from using the appropriate tools to ensuring effective communication with the...
794


